一种支持读写非对称延迟的软件NVM仿真器
A Software-based NVM Emulator Supporting Read/Write Asymmetric Latencies
摘要：
非易失性存储器（NVM）是一种很有前途的低能耗、大容量计算机主存技术。然而，NVM装置的特性往往与DRAM的特性根本不同（即，当前用于主存储器的存储器件），这是因为存储单元的原理不同。通常，诸如PCM和ReRAM的NVM设备的写入延迟比其读取延迟高得多。读/写延迟的不对称性可能会显著影响应用程序的性能。为了分析运行在基于NVM的主存上的应用程序的行为，由于商业NVM产品的数量有限，大多数研究人员使用基于软件的仿真工具。然而，这些现有的仿真工具太慢，无法仿真大规模的，现实的工作负载或过于简单，调查的细节，应用程序的行为与非对称读/写延迟的NVM上。因此，本文提出了一种新的NVM仿真机制，不仅重量轻，但也知道在基于NVM的主存储器的读/写延迟间隙。我们实现了所提出的机制的原型为英特尔CPU处理器的Haswell架构。我们还评估了其准确性，并进行了实际基准的案例研究。实验结果表明，该原型系统能够准确地模拟NVM主存的写延迟，其写延迟范围为200 ~ 1000 ns，误差范围为0.2%~ 1.1%。我们证实，使用我们的仿真器使我们能够成功地估计基于NVM的主存的实际工作负载的性能，而现有的轻量级仿真模型则会错误估计。
英文摘要：
Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a promising technology for low-energy and high-capacity main memory of computers. The characteristics of NVM devices, however, tend to be fundamentally different from those of DRAM (i.e., the memory device currently used for main memory), because of differences in principles of memory cells. Typically, the write latency of an NVM device such as PCM and ReRAM is much higher than its read latency. The asymmetry in read/write latencies likely affects the performance of applications significantly. For analyzing behavior of applications running on NVM-based main memory, most researchers use software-based emulation tools due to the limited number of commercial NVM products. However, these existing emulation tools are too slow to emulate a large-scale, realistic workload or too simplistic to investigate the details of application behavior on NVM with asymmetric read/write latencies. This paper therefore proposes a new NVM emulation mechanism that is not only light-weight but also aware of a read/write latency gap in NVM-based main memory. We implemented the prototype of the proposed mechanism for the Intel CPU processors of the Haswell architecture. We also evaluated its accuracy and performed case studies for practical benchmarks. The results showed that our prototype accurately emulated write-latencies of NVM-based main memory: it emulated the NVM write latencies in a range from 200 ns to 1000 ns with negligible errors from 0.2% to 1.1%. We confirmed that the use of our emulator enabled us to successfully estimate performance of practical workloads for NVM-based main memory, while an existing light-weight emulation model misestimated.
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