This paper presents a novel approach for predicting the falls of people in advance from monocular video. First, all persons in the observed frames are detected and tracked with the coordinates of their body keypoints being extracted meanwhile. A keypoints vectorization method is exploited to eliminate irrelevant information in the initial coordinate representation. Then, the observed keypoint sequence of each person is input to the pose prediction module adapted from sequence-to-sequence(seq2seq) architecture to predict the future keypoint sequence. Finally, the predicted pose is analyzed by the falls classifier to judge whether the person will fall down in the future. The pose prediction module and falls classifier are trained separately and tuned jointly using Le2i dataset, which contains 191 videos of various normal daily activities as well as falls performed by several actors. The contrast experiments with mainstream raw RGB-based models show the accuracy improvement of utilizing body keypoints in falls classification. Moreover, the precognition of falls is proved effective by comparisons between models that with and without the pose prediction module.
University of Innsbruck（因斯布鲁克大学）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）
Injury analysis may be one of the most beneficial applications of deep learning based human pose estimation. To facilitate further research on this topic, we provide an injury specific 2D dataset for alpine skiing, covering in total 533 images. We further propose a post processing routine, that combines rotational information with a simple kinematic model. We could improve detection results in fall situations by up to 21% regarding the PCK@0.2 metric.
We present KAMA, a 3D Keypoint Aware Mesh Articulation approach that allows us to estimate a human body mesh from the positions of 3D body keypoints. To this end, we learn to estimate 3D positions of 26 body keypoints and propose an analytical solution to articulate a parametric body model, SMPL, via a set of straightforward geometric transformations. Since keypoint estimation directly relies on image clues, our approach offers significantly better alignment to image content when compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Our proposed approach does not require any paired mesh annotations and is …
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Massachusetts General Hospital（麻省总医院）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；LMU München（慕尼黑大学）；Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学）；Brigham and Women’s Hospital（布莱根妇女医院）
We introduce an approach for image segmentation based on sparse correspondences between keypoints in testing and training images. Keypoints represent automatically identified distinctive image locations, where each keypoint correspondence suggests a transformation between images. We use these correspondences to transfer label maps of entire organs from the training images to the test image. The keypoint transfer algorithm includes three steps: (i) keypoint matching, (ii) voting-based keypoint labeling, and (iii) keypoint-based probabilistic transfer of organ segmentations. We report segmentati…
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University（京都大学信息学研究科）；Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo（东京大学情报理工学系研究科）；Faculty of Information and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology（京都工艺纤维大学情报与人文学部）
In this paper, we analyze human male and female sex recognition problem and present a fully automated classification system using only 2D keypoints. The keypoints represent human joints. A keypoint set consists of 15 joints and the keypoint estimations are obtained using an OpenPose 2D keypoint detector. We learn a deep learning model to distinguish males and females using the keypoints as input and binary labels as output. We use two public datasets in the experimental section - 3DPeople and PETA. On PETA dataset, we report a 77% accuracy. We provide model performance details on both PETA and…
In this paper, we present a new bottom-up one-stage method for whole-body pose estimation, which we call "hierarchical point regression," or HPRNet for short. In standard body pose estimation, the locations of $\sim 17$ major joints on the human body are estimated. Differently, in whole-body pose estimation, the locations of fine-grained keypoints (68 on face, 21 on each hand and 3 on each foot) are estimated as well, which creates a scale variance problem that needs to be addressed. To handle the scale variance among different body parts, we build a hierarchical point representation of body p…
Many image-based perception tasks can be formulated as detecting, associating and tracking semantic keypoints, e.g., human body pose estimation and tracking. In this work, we present a general framework that jointly detects and forms spatio-temporal keypoint associations in a single stage, making this the first real-time pose detection and tracking algorithm. We present a generic neural network architecture that uses Composite Fields to detect and construct a spatio-temporal pose which is a single, connected graph whose nodes are the semantic keypoints (e.g., a person's body joints) in multipl…
Queensland University of Technology（昆士兰科技大学）；The University of Queensland（昆士兰大学）
Knowledge about the locations of keypoints of an object in an image can assist in fine-grained classification and identification tasks, particularly for the case of objects that exhibit large variations in poses that greatly influence their visual appearance, such as wild animals. However, supervised training of a keypoint detection network requires annotating a large image dataset for each animal species, which is a labor-intensive task. To reduce the need for labeled data, we propose to learn simultaneously keypoint heatmaps and pose invariant keypoint representations in a semi-supervised ma…
We present BlazePose, a lightweight convolutional neural network architecture for human pose estimation that is tailored for real-time inference on mobile devices. During inference, the network produces 33 body keypoints for a single person and runs at over 30 frames per second on a Pixel 2 phone. This makes it particularly suited to real-time use cases like fitness tracking and sign language recognition. Our main contributions include a novel body pose tracking solution and a lightweight body pose estimation neural network that uses both heatmaps and regression to keypoint coordinates.
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Zhejiang Sci-Tech University（浙江理工大学）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）
We rethink a well-know bottom-up approach for multi-person pose estimation and propose an improved one. The improved approach surpasses the baseline significantly thanks to (1) an intuitional yet more sensible representation, which we refer to as body parts to encode the connection information between keypoints, (2) an improved stacked hourglass network with attention mechanisms, (3) a novel focal L2 loss which is dedicated to hard keypoint and keypoint association (body part) mining, and (4) a robust greedy keypoint assignment algorithm for grouping the detected keypoints into individual pose…
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；University at Albany, State University of New York（纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校）
Human pose estimation is an important topic in computer vision with many applications including gesture and activity recognition. However, pose estimation from image is challenging due to appearance variations, occlusions, clutter background, and complex activities. To alleviate these problems, we develop a robust pose estimation method based on the recent deep conv-deconv modules with two improvements: (1) multi-scale supervision of body keypoints, and (2) a global regression to improve structural consistency of keypoints. We refine keypoint detection heatmaps using layer-wise multi-scale sup…
This paper presents a generative adversarial learning-based human upper body video synthesis approach to generate an upper body video of target person that is consistent with the body motion, face expression, and pose of the person in source video. We use upper body keypoints, facial action units and poses as intermediate representations between source video and target video. Instead of directly transferring the source video to the target video, we firstly map the source person's facial action units and poses into the target person's facial landmarks, then combine the normalized upper body key…
We study the performance of state-of-the-art human keypoint detectors in the context of close proximity human-robot interaction. The detection in this scenario is specific in that only a subset of body parts such as hands and torso are in the field of view. In particular, (i) we survey existing datasets with human pose annotation from the perspective of close proximity images and prepare and make publicly available a new Human in Close Proximity (HiCP) dataset; (ii) we quantitatively and qualitatively compare state-of-the-art human whole-body 2D keypoint detection methods (OpenPose, MMPose, Al…
CUHK-Sensetime Joint Lab（香港中文大学-商汤科技联合实验室）；SenseTime Group Limited（商汤科技集团有限公司）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；SenseTime Computer Vision Research Group（商汤科技计算机视觉研究组）
Human pose and shape are two important components of 2D human body. However, how to efficiently represent both of them in images is still an open question. In this paper, we propose the Triplet Representation for Body (TRB) -- a compact 2D human body representation, with skeleton keypoints capturing human pose information and contour keypoints containing human shape information. TRB not only preserves the flexibility of skeleton keypoint representation, but also contains rich pose and human shape information. Therefore, it promises broader application areas, such as human shape editing and con…
Alibaba Business School, Hangzhou Normal University（杭州师范大学阿里巴巴商学院）；Keep Inc.（Keep公司）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）
Human pose estimation has made significant advancement in recent years. However, the existing datasets are limited in their coverage of pose variety. In this paper, we introduce a novel benchmark FollowMeUp Sports that makes an important advance in terms of specific postures, self-occlusion and class balance, a contribution that we feel is required for future development in human body models. This comprehensive dataset was collected using an established taxonomy of over 200 standard workout activities with three different shot angles. The collected videos cover a wider variety of specific work…
Caltech（加州理工学院）；Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology（三星先进技术研究院）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；Argo AI
We propose a method for learning the posture and structure of agents from unlabelled behavioral videos. Starting from the observation that behaving agents are generally the main sources of movement in behavioral videos, our method, Behavioral Keypoint Discovery (B-KinD), uses an encoder-decoder architecture with a geometric bottleneck to reconstruct the spatiotemporal difference between video frames. By focusing only on regions of movement, our approach works directly on input videos without requiring manual annotations. Experiments on a variety of agent types (mouse, fly, human, jellyfish, an…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；National Engineering Laboratory for Neuromodulation（神经调控国家工程实验室）
Data sharing for medical research has been difficult as open-sourcing clinical data may violate patient privacy. Traditional methods for face de-identification wipe out facial information entirely, making it impossible to analyze facial behavior. Recent advancements on whole-body keypoints detection also rely on facial input to estimate body keypoints. Both facial and body keypoints are critical in some medical diagnoses, and keypoints invariability after de-identification is of great importance. Here, we propose a solution using deepfake technology, the face swapping technique. While this swa…
This paper presents a novel system that enables intelligent robots to exhibit realistic body gestures while communicating with humans. The proposed system consists of a listening model and a speaking model used in corresponding conversational phases. Both models are adapted from the sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) architecture to synthesize body gestures represented by the movements of twelve upper-body keypoints. All the extracted 2D keypoints are firstly 3D-transformed, then rotated and normalized to discard irrelevant information. Substantial videos of human conversations from Youtube are co…
The majority of current research in deep learning based image registration addresses inter-patient brain registration with moderate deformation magnitudes. The recent Learn2Reg medical registration benchmark has demonstrated that single-scale U-Net architectures, such as VoxelMorph that directly employ a spatial transformer loss, often do not generalise well beyond the cranial vault and fall short of state-of-the-art performance for abdominal or intra-patient lung registration. Here, we propose two straightforward steps that greatly reduce this gap in accuracy. First, we employ keypoint self-s…
Qing Yuan Research Institute（清源研究院）；Qi Zhi Institute（期智研究院）；AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学人工智能研究院）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
Model-based 3D pose and shape estimation methods reconstruct a full 3D mesh for the human body by estimating several parameters. However, learning the abstract parameters is a highly non-linear process and suffers from image-model misalignment, leading to mediocre model performance. In contrast, 3D keypoint estimation methods combine deep CNN network with the volumetric representation to achieve pixel-level localization accuracy but may predict unrealistic body structure. In this paper, we address the above issues by bridging the gap between body mesh estimation and 3D keypoint estimation. We …
Object 6D pose estimation is an important research topic in the field of computer vision due to its wide application requirements and the challenges brought by complexity and changes in the real-world. We think fully exploring the characteristics of spatial relationship between points will help to improve the pose estimation performance, especially in the scenes of background clutter and partial occlusion. But this information was usually ignored in previous work using RGB image or RGB-D data. In this paper, we propose a framework for 6D pose estimation from RGB-D data based on spatial structu…
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；Google Inc.（谷歌公司）；ByteDance AI Lab（字节跳动人工智能实验室）；Vaitl Inc.（维特尔公司）
Human body part segmentation refers to the task of predicting the semantic segmentation mask for each body part. Fully supervised body part segmentation methods achieve good performances but require an enormous amount of effort to annotate part masks for training. In contrast to high annotation costs needed for a limited number of part mask annotations, a large number of weak labels such as poses and full body masks already exist and contain relevant information. Motivated by the possibility of using existing weak labels, we propose the first weakly supervised body part segmentation framework.…
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；University at Albany, State University of New York（纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校）
We develop a robust multi-scale structure-aware neural network for human pose estimation. This method improves the recent deep conv-deconv hourglass models with four key improvements: (1) multi-scale supervision to strengthen contextual feature learning in matching body keypoints by combining feature heatmaps across scales, (2) multi-scale regression network at the end to globally optimize the structural matching of the multi-scale features, (3) structure-aware loss used in the intermediate supervision and at the regression to improve the matching of keypoints and respective neighbors to infer…
Accurate whole-body multi-person pose estimation and tracking is an important yet challenging topic in computer vision. To capture the subtle actions of humans for complex behavior analysis, whole-body pose estimation including the face, body, hand and foot is essential over conventional body-only pose estimation. In this paper, we present AlphaPose, a system that can perform accurate whole-body pose estimation and tracking jointly while running in realtime. To this end, we propose several new techniques: Symmetric Integral Keypoint Regression (SIKR) for fast and fine localization, Parametric …
The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；SenseTime Research（商汤科技研究院）；Nanjing University（南京大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Multi-person pose estimation is challenging because it localizes body keypoints for multiple persons simultaneously. Previous methods can be divided into two streams, i.e. top-down and bottom-up methods. The top-down methods localize keypoints after human detection, while the bottom-up methods localize keypoints directly and then cluster/group them for different persons, which are generally more efficient than top-down methods. However, in existing bottom-up methods, the keypoint grouping is usually solved independently from keypoint detection, making them not end-to-end trainable and have sub…
There has been great progress in human 3D mesh recovery and great interest in learning about the world from consumer video data. Unfortunately current methods for 3D human mesh recovery work rather poorly on consumer video data, since on the Internet, unusual camera viewpoints and aggressive truncations are the norm rather than a rarity. We study this problem and make a number of contributions to address it: (i) we propose a simple but highly effective self-training framework that adapts human 3D mesh recovery systems to consumer videos and demonstrate its application to two recent systems; (i…
Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
We observe that human poses exhibit strong group-wise structural correlation and spatial coupling between keypoints due to the biological constraints of different body parts. This group-wise structural correlation can be explored to improve the accuracy and robustness of human pose estimation. In this work, we develop a self-constrained prediction-verification network to characterize and learn the structural correlation between keypoints during training. During the inference stage, the feedback information from the verification network allows us to perform further optimization of pose predicti…
Gesture recognition opens up new ways for humans to intuitively interact with machines. Especially for service robots, gestures can be a valuable addition to the means of communication to, for example, draw the robot's attention to someone or something. Extracting a gesture from video data and classifying it is a challenging task and a variety of approaches have been proposed throughout the years. This paper presents a method for gesture recognition in RGB videos using OpenPose to extract the pose of a person and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) in conjunction with One-Nearest-Neighbor (1NN) for tim…
Current methods of multi-person pose estimation typically treat the localization and the association of body joints separately. It is convenient but inefficient, leading to additional computation and a waste of time. This paper, however, presents a novel framework PoseDet (Estimating Pose by Detection) to localize and associate body joints simultaneously at higher inference speed. Moreover, we propose the keypoint-aware pose embedding to represent an object in terms of the locations of its keypoints. The proposed pose embedding contains semantic and geometric information, allowing us to access…
Graph-Based Recognition of Simulated Train-Driver States From Facial and Upper-Body Keypoints
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia（意大利技术研究院）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；Italian National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL)（意大利国家工伤事故保险研究所（INAIL））
Dog owners are typically capable of recognizing behavioral cues that reveal subjective states of their dogs, such as pain. But automatic recognition of the pain state is very challenging. This paper proposes a novel video-based, two-stream deep neural network approach for this problem. We extract and preprocess body keypoints, and compute features from both keypoints and the RGB representation over the video. We propose an approach to deal with self-occlusions and missing keypoints. We also present a unique video-based dog behavior dataset, collected by veterinary professionals, and annotated …
ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学）；Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院上海高等研究院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging（上海智能视觉与成像工程技术研究中心）
This paper presents an inverse kinematic optimization layer (IKOL) for 3D human pose and shape estimation that leverages the strength of both optimization- and regression-based methods within an end-to-end framework. IKOL involves a nonconvex optimization that establishes an implicit mapping from an image's 3D keypoints and body shapes to the relative body-part rotations. The 3D keypoints and the body shapes are the inputs and the relative body-part rotations are the solutions. However, this procedure is implicit and hard to make differentiable. So, to overcome this issue, we designed a Gauss-…
National Taiwan University（台湾大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
We present a new method for generating controllable, dynamically responsive, and photorealistic human animations. Given an image of a person, our system allows the user to generate Physically plausible Upper Body Animation (PUBA) using interaction in the image space, such as dragging their hand to various locations. We formulate a reinforcement learning problem to train a dynamic model that predicts the person's next 2D state (i.e., keypoints on the image) conditioned on a 3D action (i.e., joint torque), and a policy that outputs optimal actions to control the person to achieve desired goals. …
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Tencent YouTu（腾讯优图）；SJTU-SenseTime lab（上海交大商汤实验室）；AI research institute of SJTU（上海交大人工智能研究院）
Human body part parsing, or human semantic part segmentation, is fundamental to many computer vision tasks. In conventional semantic segmentation methods, the ground truth segmentations are provided, and fully convolutional networks (FCN) are trained in an end-to-end scheme. Although these methods have demonstrated impressive results, their performance highly depends on the quantity and quality of training data. In this paper, we present a novel method to generate synthetic human part segmentation data using easily-obtained human keypoint annotations. Our key idea is to exploit the anatomical …
