Two distinct limits for deep learning have been derived as the network width $h\rightarrow \infty$, depending on how the weights of the last layer scale with $h$. In the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) limit, the dynamics becomes linear in the weights and is described by a frozen kernel $Θ$. By contrast, in the Mean-Field limit, the dynamics can be expressed in terms of the distribution of the parameters associated with a neuron, that follows a partial differential equation. In this work we consider deep networks where the weights in the last layer scale as $αh^{-1/2}$ at initialization. By varying $α$ and $h$, we probe the crossover between the two limits. We observe the previously identified regimes of lazy training and feature training. In the lazy-training regime, the dynamics is almost linear and the NTK barely changes after initialization. The feature-training regime includes the mean-field formulation as a limiting case and is characterized by a kernel that evolves in time, and learns some features. We perform numerical experiments on MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, EMNIST and CIFAR10 and consider various architectures. We find that (i) The two regimes are separated by an $α^*$ that scales as $h^{-1/2}$. (ii) Network architecture and data structure play an important role in determining which regime is better: in our tests, fully-connected networks perform generally better in the lazy-training regime, unlike convolutional networks. (iii) In both regimes, the fluctuations $δF$ induced on the learned function by initial conditions decay as $δF\sim 1/\sqrt{h}$, leading to a performance that increases with $h$. The same improvement can also be obtained at an intermediate width by ensemble-averaging several networks. (iv) In the feature-training regime we identify a time scale $t_1\sim\sqrt{h}α$, such that for $t\ll t_1$ the dynamics is linear.
From Lazy to Rich: Exact Learning Dynamics in Deep Linear Networks
Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London(伦敦大学学院盖茨比计算神经科学单位);Imperial College London(伦敦帝国理工学院);University of Oxford(牛津大学);Stanford University(斯坦福大学);Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London(伦敦大学学院韦尔科姆中心);CIFAR(加拿大高级研究所)
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)(阿米尔卡比尔理工大学(德黑兰理工学院))
Overfitting is one of the critical problems in deep neural networks. Many regularization schemes try to prevent overfitting blindly. However, they decrease the convergence speed of training algorithms. Adaptive regularization schemes can solve overfitting more intelligently. They usually do not affect the entire network weights. This paper detects a subset of the weighting layers that cause overfitting. The overfitting recognizes by matrix and tensor condition numbers. An adaptive regularization scheme entitled Adaptive Low-Rank (ALR) is proposed that converges a subset of the weighting layers…
Recent works show that adversarial examples exist for random neural networks [Daniely and Schacham, 2020] and that these examples can be found using a single step of gradient ascent [Bubeck et al., 2021]. In this work, we extend this line of work to "lazy training" of neural networks -- a dominant model in deep learning theory in which neural networks are provably efficiently learnable. We show that over-parametrized neural networks that are guaranteed to generalize well and enjoy strong computational guarantees remain vulnerable to attacks generated using a single step of gradient ascent.
We study the average robustness notion in deep neural networks in (selected) wide and narrow, deep and shallow, as well as lazy and non-lazy training settings. We prove that in the under-parameterized setting, width has a negative effect while it improves robustness in the over-parameterized setting. The effect of depth closely depends on the initialization and the training mode. In particular, when initialized with LeCun initialization, depth helps robustness with the lazy training regime. In contrast, when initialized with Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) and He-initialization, depth hurts the ro…
University of Cambridge(剑桥大学);University of Bordeaux(波尔多大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Unilever R&D Colworth(联合利华研发中心科尔沃斯)
The need for labour intensive pixel-wise annotation is a major limitation of many fully supervised learning methods for segmenting bioimages that can contain numerous object instances with thin separations. In this paper, we introduce a deep convolutional neural network for microscopy image segmentation. Annotation issues are circumvented by letting the network being trainable on coarse labels combined with only a very small number of images with pixel-wise annotations. We call this new labelling strategy `lazy' labels. Image segmentation is stratified into three connected tasks: rough inner r…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);BITS Pilani Goa Campus(BITS Pilani果阿校区)
Understanding and quantifying uncertainty in black box Neural Networks (NNs) is critical when deployed in real-world settings such as healthcare. Recent works using Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods have shown how a unified predictive uncertainty can be modelled for NNs. Decomposing this uncertainty to disentangle the granular sources of heteroscedasticity in data provides rich information about its underlying causes. We propose a conceptually simple non-Bayesian approach, deep split ensemble, to disentangle the predictive uncertainties using a multivariate Gaussian mixture model. The NNs are …
After deep generative models were successfully applied to image generation tasks, learning disentangled latent variables of data has become a crucial part of deep generative model research. Many models have been proposed to learn an interpretable and factorized representation of latent variable by modifying their objective function or model architecture. To disentangle the latent variable, some models show lower quality of reconstructed images and others increase the model complexity which is hard to train. In this paper, we propose a simple disentangling method based on a traditional whitenin…
A longstanding goal in the theory of deep learning is to characterize the conditions under which a given neural network architecture will be trainable, and if so, how well it might generalize to unseen data. In this work, we provide such a characterization in the limit of very wide and very deep networks, for which the analysis simplifies considerably. For wide networks, the trajectory under gradient descent is governed by the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), and for deep networks the NTK itself maintains only weak data dependence. By analyzing the spectrum of the NTK, we formulate necessary condi…
Deep neural networks can achieve remarkable generalization performances while interpolating the training data perfectly. Rather than the U-curve emblematic of the bias-variance trade-off, their test error often follows a "double descent" - a mark of the beneficial role of overparametrization. In this work, we develop a quantitative theory for this phenomenon in the so-called lazy learning regime of neural networks, by considering the problem of learning a high-dimensional function with random features regression. We obtain a precise asymptotic expression for the bias-variance decomposition of …
TU Kaiserslautern(凯泽斯劳滕工业大学);Fraunhofer ITWM(弗劳恩霍夫工业数学研究所)
Deep generative networks such as GANs and normalizing flows flourish in the context of high-dimensional tasks such as image generation. However, so far exact modeling or extrapolation of distributional properties such as the tail asymptotics generated by a generative network is not available. In this paper, we address this issue for the first time in the deep learning literature by making two novel contributions. First, we derive upper bounds for the tails that can be expressed by a generative network and demonstrate Lp-space related properties. There we show specifically that in various situa…
CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Université Paris-Sud(巴黎第十一大学);CentraleSupelec(巴黎中央理工-高等电力学院);INRIA(法国国家信息与自动化研究所);ENS(巴黎高等师范学院);PSL Research University(巴黎文理研究大学)
In a series of recent theoretical works, it was shown that strongly over-parameterized neural networks trained with gradient-based methods could converge exponentially fast to zero training loss, with their parameters hardly varying. In this work, we show that this "lazy training" phenomenon is not specific to over-parameterized neural networks, and is due to a choice of scaling, often implicit, that makes the model behave as its linearization around the initialization, thus yielding a model equivalent to learning with positive-definite kernels. Through a theoretical analysis, we exhibit vario…
Identifying unfamiliar inputs, also known as out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, is a crucial property of any decision making process. A simple and empirically validated technique is based on deep ensembles where the variance of predictions over different neural networks acts as a substitute for input uncertainty. Nevertheless, a theoretical understanding of the inductive biases leading to the performance of deep ensemble's uncertainty estimation is missing. To improve our description of their behavior, we study deep ensembles with large layer widths operating in simplified linear training re…
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities(明尼苏达大学双城分校);University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign(伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校)
In spite of advances in understanding lazy training, recent work attributes the practical success of deep learning to the rich regime with complex inductive bias. In this paper, we study rich regime training empirically with benchmark datasets, and find that while most parameters are lazy, there is always a small number of active parameters which change quite a bit during training. We show that re-initializing (resetting to their initial random values) the active parameters leads to worse generalization. Further, we show that most of the active parameters are in the bottom layers, close to the…
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(洛桑联邦理工学院)
Deep learning algorithms are responsible for a technological revolution in a variety of tasks including image recognition or Go playing. Yet, why they work is not understood. Ultimately, they manage to classify data lying in high dimension -- a feat generically impossible due to the geometry of high dimensional space and the associated curse of dimensionality. Understanding what kind of structure, symmetry or invariance makes data such as images learnable is a fundamental challenge. Other puzzles include that (i) learning corresponds to minimizing a loss in high dimension, which is in general …
We introduce a conditional generative model for learning to disentangle the hidden factors of variation within a set of labeled observations, and separate them into complementary codes. One code summarizes the specified factors of variation associated with the labels. The other summarizes the remaining unspecified variability. During training, the only available source of supervision comes from our ability to distinguish among different observations belonging to the same class. Examples of such observations include images of a set of labeled objects captured at different viewpoints, or recordi…
An agent learning through interactions should balance its action selection process between probing the environment to discover new rewards and using the information acquired in the past to adopt useful behaviour. This trade-off is usually obtained by perturbing either the agent's actions (e.g., e-greedy or Gibbs sampling) or the agent's parameters (e.g., NoisyNet), or by modifying the reward it receives (e.g., exploration bonus, intrinsic motivation, or hand-shaped rewards). Here, we adopt a disruptive but simple and generic perspective, where we explicitly disentangle exploration and exploita…
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(洛桑联邦理工学院);RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project(理化学研究所高级智能中心);EPFL School of Computer and Communication Sciences(洛桑联邦理工学院计算机与通信科学学院)
In this thesis, we disentangle the generalized Gauss-Newton and approximate inference for Bayesian deep learning. The generalized Gauss-Newton method is an optimization method that is used in several popular Bayesian deep learning algorithms. Algorithms that combine the Gauss-Newton method with the Laplace and Gaussian variational approximation have recently led to state-of-the-art results in Bayesian deep learning. While the Laplace and Gaussian variational approximation have been studied extensively, their interplay with the Gauss-Newton method remains unclear. Recent criticism of priors and…
In this paper, we propose a framework for disentangling the appearance and geometry representations in the face recognition task. To provide supervision for this aim, we generate geometrically identical faces by incorporating spatial transformations. We demonstrate that the proposed approach enhances the performance of deep face recognition models by assisting the training process in two ways. First, it enforces the early and intermediate convolutional layers to learn more representative features that satisfy the properties of disentangled embeddings. Second, it augments the training set by al…
TU Darmstadt(达姆施塔特工业大学);MPI for Intelligent Systems(马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所);Tampere University(坦佩雷大学)
Deep learning in combination with improved training techniques and high computational power has led to recent advances in the field of reinforcement learning (RL) and to successful robotic RL applications such as in-hand manipulation. However, most robotic RL relies on a well known initial state distribution. In real-world tasks, this information is however often not available. For example, when disentangling waste objects the actual position of the robot w.r.t.\ the objects may not match the positions the RL policy was trained for. To solve this problem, we present a novel adversarial reinfor…
Nankai University(南开大学);Tencent(腾讯);National University of Singapore(新加坡国立大学)
The vulnerability to slight input perturbations is a worrying yet intriguing property of deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite many previous works studying the reason behind such adversarial behavior, the relationship between the generalization performance and adversarial behavior of DNNs is still little understood. In this work, we reveal such relation by introducing a metric characterizing the generalization performance of a DNN. The metric can be disentangled into an information-theoretic non-robust component, responsible for adversarial behavior, and a robust component. Then, we show by exp…
Model multiplicity is a well-known but poorly understood phenomenon that undermines the generalisation guarantees of machine learning models. It appears when two models with similar training-time performance differ in their predictions and real-world performance characteristics. This observed 'predictive' multiplicity (PM) also implies elusive differences in the internals of the models, their 'representational' multiplicity (RM). We introduce a conceptual and experimental setup for analysing RM by measuring activation similarity via singular vector canonical correlation analysis (SVCCA). We sh…
Tianjin University(天津大学);Tencent(腾讯);The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学)
Value functions are crucial for model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) to obtain a policy implicitly or guide the policy updates. Value estimation heavily depends on the stochasticity of environmental dynamics and the quality of reward signals. In this paper, we propose a two-step understanding of value estimation from the perspective of future prediction, through decomposing the value function into a reward-independent future dynamics part and a policy-independent trajectory return part. We then derive a practical deep RL algorithm from the above decomposition, consisting of a convolutional t…
Artificial neural networks perform state-of-the-art in an ever-growing number of tasks, and nowadays they are used to solve an incredibly large variety of tasks. There are problems, like the presence of biases in the training data, which question the generalization capability of these models. In this work we propose EnD, a regularization strategy whose aim is to prevent deep models from learning unwanted biases. In particular, we insert an "information bottleneck" at a certain point of the deep neural network, where we disentangle the information about the bias, still letting the useful inform…
University of Helsinki(赫尔辛基大学);Télécom SudParis(南巴黎电信学院);Institut Polytechnique de Paris(巴黎理工学院);Université Côte d’Azur(蔚蓝海岸大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);University of Cambridge(剑桥大学);Université Paris-Saclay(巴黎萨克雷大学)
We introduce a new general identifiable framework for principled disentanglement referred to as Structured Nonlinear Independent Component Analysis (SNICA). Our contribution is to extend the identifiability theory of deep generative models for a very broad class of structured models. While previous works have shown identifiability for specific classes of time-series models, our theorems extend this to more general temporal structures as well as to models with more complex structures such as spatial dependencies. In particular, we establish the major result that identifiability for this framewo…
It has previously been hypothesized, and supported with some experimental evidence, that deeper representations, when well trained, tend to do a better job at disentangling the underlying factors of variation. We study the following related conjecture: better representations, in the sense of better disentangling, can be exploited to produce faster-mixing Markov chains. Consequently, mixing would be more efficient at higher levels of representation. To better understand why and how this is happening, we propose a secondary conjecture: the higher-level samples fill more uniformly the space they …
University of Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚大学);University of Texas San Antonio Health Science Center(德克萨斯大学圣安东尼奥健康科学中心);National Institute on Aging(美国国家老龄化研究所)
Heterogeneity of brain diseases is a challenge for precision diagnosis/prognosis. We describe and validate Smile-GAN (SeMI-supervised cLustEring-Generative Adversarial Network), a novel semi-supervised deep-clustering method, which dissects neuroanatomical heterogeneity, enabling identification of disease subtypes via their imaging signatures relative to controls. When applied to MRIs (2 studies; 2,832 participants; 8,146 scans) including cognitively normal individuals and those with cognitive impairment and dementia, Smile-GAN identified 4 neurodegenerative patterns/axes: P1, normal anatomy a…
Inria(法国国家信息与自动化研究所);Facebook AI Research(脸书人工智能研究院);École normale supérieure(巴黎高等师范学院);PSL University(巴黎文理研究大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心)
The activations of language transformers like GPT-2 have been shown to linearly map onto brain activity during speech comprehension. However, the nature of these activations remains largely unknown and presumably conflate distinct linguistic classes. Here, we propose a taxonomy to factorize the high-dimensional activations of language models into four combinatorial classes: lexical, compositional, syntactic, and semantic representations. We then introduce a statistical method to decompose, through the lens of GPT-2's activations, the brain activity of 345 subjects recorded with functional magn…
Hebrew University(希伯来大学);Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences(埃德蒙和莉莉·萨夫拉脑科学中心);Racah Institute of Physics(拉卡物理研究所)
Deep neural networks (DNNs) in the infinite width/channel limit have received much attention recently, as they provide a clear analytical window to deep learning via mappings to Gaussian Processes (GPs). Despite its theoretical appeal, this viewpoint lacks a crucial ingredient of deep learning in finite DNNs, laying at the heart of their success -- feature learning. Here we consider DNNs trained with noisy gradient descent on a large training set and derive a self consistent Gaussian Process theory accounting for strong finite-DNN and feature learning effects. Applying this to a toy model of a…
Despite their success deep neural networks (DNNs) are still largely considered as black boxes. The main issue is that the linear and non-linear operations are entangled in every layer, making it hard to interpret the hidden layer outputs. In this paper, we look at DNNs with rectified linear units (ReLUs), and focus on the gating property (`on/off' states) of the ReLUs. We extend the recently developed dual view in which the computation is broken path-wise to show that learning in the gates is more crucial, and learning the weights given the gates is characterised analytically via the so called…
Active inference is a first principles approach for understanding the brain in particular, and sentient agents in general, with the single imperative of minimizing free energy. As such, it provides a computational account for modelling artificial intelligent agents, by defining the agent's generative model and inferring the model parameters, actions and hidden state beliefs. However, the exact specification of the generative model and the hidden state space structure is left to the experimenter, whose design choices influence the resulting behaviour of the agent. Recently, deep learning method…
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory(劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室)
There are many forms of feature information present in video data. Principle among them are object identity information which is largely static across multiple video frames, and object pose and style information which continuously transforms from frame to frame. Most existing models confound these two types of representation by mapping them to a shared feature space. In this paper we propose a probabilistic approach for learning separable representations of object identity and pose information using unsupervised video data. Our approach leverages a deep generative model with a factored prior d…
Deep Learning as Neural Low-Degree Filtering: A Spectral Theory of Hierarchical Feature Learning
Information Learning and Physics Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)(信息学习与物理实验室,瑞士联邦理工学院(EPFL));Statistical Physics of Computation Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)(计算统计物理实验室,瑞士联邦理工学院(EPFL))
Disentangling Attention in Deep Operator Learning: A Controlled Study of Data-Driven and Physics-Informed Architectures
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign(伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校国家超级计算应用中心);Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University(斯坦福大学机械工程系)
Mandelstam Institute for Theoretical Physics(曼德尔斯塔姆理论物理研究所);University of the Witwatersrand(金山大学);University of British Columbia(不列颠哥伦比亚大学)
We present a simple phenomenological formula which approximates the hyperbolic volume of a knot using only a single evaluation of its Jones polynomial at a root of unity. The average error is just $2.86$% on the first $1.7$ million knots, which represents a large improvement over previous formulas of this kind. To find the approximation formula, we use layer-wise relevance propagation to reverse engineer a black box neural network which achieves a similar average error for the same approximation task when trained on $10$% of the total dataset. The particular roots of unity which appear in our …
Deep-embedding methods aim to discover representations of a domain that make explicit the domain's class structure and thereby support few-shot learning. Disentangling methods aim to make explicit compositional or factorial structure. We combine these two active but independent lines of research and propose a new paradigm suitable for both goals. We propose and evaluate a novel loss function based on the $F$ statistic, which describes the separation of two or more distributions. By ensuring that distinct classes are well separated on a subset of embedding dimensions, we obtain embeddings that …
Disentangling private classes through regularization
LTCI, Telecom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris(巴黎理工学院电信巴黎分校LTCI实验室);Mykolas Romeris University(米科拉斯·罗梅里斯大学);University of Bologna(博洛尼亚大学);University of Turin(都灵大学)
NYU Shanghai(纽约大学上海分校);Carnegie Mellon University(卡内基梅隆大学)
Analogy-making is a key method for computer algorithms to generate both natural and creative music pieces. In general, an analogy is made by partially transferring the music abstractions, i.e., high-level representations and their relationships, from one piece to another; however, this procedure requires disentangling music representations, which usually takes little effort for musicians but is non-trivial for computers. Three sub-problems arise: extracting latent representations from the observation, disentangling the representations so that each part has a unique semantic interpretation, and…
University of Rochester(罗切斯特大学);Rochester Institute of Technology(罗切斯特理工学院);Paige(Paige公司);Cornell Tech(康奈尔科技学院)
Humans are incredibly good at transferring knowledge from one domain to another, enabling rapid learning of new tasks. Likewise, transfer learning has enabled enormous success in many computer vision problems using pretraining. However, the benefits of transfer in multi-domain learning, where a network learns multiple tasks defined by different datasets, has not been adequately studied. Learning multiple domains could be beneficial, or these domains could interfere with each other given limited network capacity. Understanding how deep neural networks of varied capacity facilitate transfer acro…
Technical University of Munich(慕尼黑工业大学);Munich Data Science Institute(慕尼黑数据科学研究所);Stanford University(斯坦福大学);Stanford Intelligent Systems Laboratory(斯坦福智能系统实验室)
Characterizing aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty on the predicted rewards can help in building reliable reinforcement learning (RL) systems. Aleatoric uncertainty results from the irreducible environment stochasticity leading to inherently risky states and actions. Epistemic uncertainty results from the limited information accumulated during learning to make informed decisions. Characterizing aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty can be used to speed up learning in a training environment, improve generalization to similar testing environments, and flag unfamiliar behavior in anomalous testing …
Unveiling the Two-Faced Truth: Disentangling Morphed Identities for Face Morphing Detection
INESC TEC(INESC TEC(葡萄牙系统与计算机工程研究所));University of Porto(波尔图大学);Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD(弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形学研究所IGD);TU Darmstadt(达姆施塔特工业大学)
The history of deep learning has shown that human-designed problem-specific networks can greatly improve the classification performance of general neural models. In most practical cases, however, choosing the optimal architecture for a given task remains a challenging problem. Recent architecture-search methods are able to automatically build neural models with strong performance but fail to fully appreciate the interaction between neural architecture and weights. This work investigates the problem of disentangling the role of the neural structure and its edge weights, by showing that well-tra…
ETH Zurich(苏黎世联邦理工学院);SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics(瑞士生物信息学研究所)
Sepsis is a life-threatening host response to infection associated with high mortality, morbidity, and health costs. Its management is highly time-sensitive since each hour of delayed treatment increases mortality due to irreversible organ damage. Meanwhile, despite decades of clinical research, robust biomarkers for sepsis are missing. Therefore, detecting sepsis early by utilizing the affluence of high-resolution intensive care records has become a challenging machine learning problem. Recent advances in deep learning and data mining promise to deliver a powerful set of tools to efficiently …
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL)(计算机科学与人工智能实验室);Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)(麻省理工学院)
Two key challenges facing modern deep learning are mitigating deep networks' vulnerability to adversarial attacks and understanding deep learning's generalization capabilities. Towards the first issue, many defense strategies have been developed, with the most common being Adversarial Training (AT). Towards the second challenge, one of the dominant theories that has emerged is the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) -- a characterization of neural network behavior in the infinite-width limit. In this limit, the kernel is frozen, and the underlying feature map is fixed. In finite widths, however, there…
Reinforcement learning agents are faced with two types of uncertainty. Epistemic uncertainty stems from limited data and is useful for exploration, whereas aleatoric uncertainty arises from stochastic environments and must be accounted for in risk-sensitive applications. We highlight the challenges involved in simultaneously estimating both of them, and propose a framework for disentangling and estimating these uncertainties on learned Q-values. We derive unbiased estimators of these uncertainties and introduce an uncertainty-aware DQN algorithm, which we show exhibits safe learning behavior a…
Harvard University(哈佛大学);MIT CSAIL(麻省理工学院计算机科学与人工智能实验室);MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab(麻省理工学院-IBM沃森人工智能实验室);DeepMind(深度思维)
We marry two powerful ideas: deep representation learning for visual recognition and language understanding, and symbolic program execution for reasoning. Our neural-symbolic visual question answering (NS-VQA) system first recovers a structural scene representation from the image and a program trace from the question. It then executes the program on the scene representation to obtain an answer. Incorporating symbolic structure as prior knowledge offers three unique advantages. First, executing programs on a symbolic space is more robust to long program traces; our model can solve complex reaso…