复杂的有机分子（COM）已被发现在气相中冷和无光的分子核心。最近的固态实验室实验提供了强有力的证据，证明COMs可以通过“非能量”过程在冰粒上形成。在这篇文章中，我们表明，丙醛和1-丙醇可以在10 K的低温下以这种方式形成。在太空中已经发现了丙醛。1-丙醇是一种与天体生物学相关的分子，因为它是一种伯醇，尚未被天文学检测到。丙醛是在C2 H2 + CO + H实验中形成的主要产物，并且在随后的丙醛+ H实验中检测到1-丙醇。结果发表在Qasim et al.（2019 c）。讨论了针对IRAS 16293- 2422 B的ALMA观察结果，并提供了< 0.35 - 0.55的1-丙醇：丙醛上限，除了进行的实验室实验外，还通过计算得出的活化屏障进行了补充。
英文摘要：
Complex organic molecules (COMs) have been detected in the gas-phase in cold and lightless molecular cores. Recent solid-state laboratory experiments have provided strong evidence that COMs can be formed on icy grains through 'non-energetic' processes. In this contribution, we show that propanal and 1-propanol can be formed in this way at the low temperature of 10 K. Propanal has already been detected in space. 1-propanol is an astrobiologically relevant molecule, as it is a primary alcohol, and has not been astronomically detected. Propanal is the major product formed in the C2H2 + CO + H experiment, and 1-propanol is detected in the subsequent propanal + H experiment. The results are published in Qasim et al. (2019c). ALMA observations towards IRAS 16293-2422B are discussed and provide a 1-propanol:propanal upper limit of < 0.35 - 0.55, which are complemented by computationally-derived activation barriers in addition to the performed laboratory experiments.
Observations carried out toward starless and pre-stellar cores have revealed that complex organic molecules are prevalent in these objects, but it is unclear what chemical processes are involved in their formation. Recently, it has been shown that complex organics are preferentially produced at an intermediate-density shell within the L1544 pre-stellar core at radial distances of ~4000 au with respect to the core center. However, the spatial distribution of complex organics has only been inferred toward this core and it remains unknown whether these species present a similar behaviour in other…
Origins of complex organic molecules in L1551 IRS 5: Interplay of thermal heating and accretion shocks
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute（韩国天文与空间科学研究院）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University（首尔大学物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University（鹿儿岛大学理工学研究科物理与天文学系）；Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics（中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所）
The chemical inventory of planets is determined by the physical and chemical processes that govern the early phases of star formation. The aim is to investigate N-bearing complex organic molecules towards two Class 0 protostars (B1-c and S68N) at millimetre wavelengths with ALMA. Next, the results of the detected N-bearing species are compared with those of O-bearing species for the same and other sources. ALMA observations in Band 6 ($\sim$ 1 mm) and Band 5 ($\sim$ 2 mm) are studied at $\sim$ 0.5" resolution, complemented by Band 3 ($\sim$ 3 mm) data in a $\sim$ 2.5" beam. NH2CHO, C2H5CN, HNC…
Spatial distribution of organics in the Horsehead nebula: Signposts of chemistry driven by atomic carbon
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile（智利天主教 Pontificia 大学）；Millennium Nucleus on Young Exoplanets and their Moons (YEMS)（年轻系外行星及其卫星千年核）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；IRAM（红外毫米波研究所）；Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités（巴黎天文台，PSL研究大学，CNRS，索邦大学）；Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）；Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC)（基础物理研究所（CSIC））
Chemical models and experiments indicate that interstellar dust grains and their ice mantles play an important role in the production of complex organic molecules (COMs). To date, the most complex solid-phase molecule detected with certainty in the ISM is methanol, but the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) may be able to identify still larger organic species. In this study, we use a coupled chemo-dynamical model to predict new candidate species for JWST detection toward the young star-forming core Cha-MMS1, combining the gas-grain chemical kinetic code MAGICKAL with a 1-D radiative hydrodynami…
Massive star-forming regions exhibit an extremely rich and diverse chemistry, which in principle provides a wealth of molecular probes, as well as laboratories for interstellar prebiotic chemistry. Since the chemical structure of these sources displays substantial spatial variation among species on small scales (${\lesssim}10^4$ au), high angular resolution observations are needed to connect chemical structures to local environments and inform astrochemical models of massive star formation. To address this, we present ALMA 1.3 mm observations toward OB cluster-forming region G10.6-0.4 (hereaft…
Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in our Galaxy, is dormant today, but it should have gone through multiple gas-accretion episodes in the past billions of years to grow to its current mass of $4\times10^6\,M_\odot$. Each episode temporarily ignites the SMBH and turns the Galactic Center into an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Recently, we showed that the AGN could produce large amount of hard X-rays that can penetrate the dense interstellar medium in the Galactic plane. Here we further study the impact of the X-rays on the molecular chemistry in our Galaxy. We use a chemical reaction n…
Recent astrochemical models and experiments have explained that complex organic molecules (COMs; molecules composed of six or more atoms) are produced on the dust grain mantles in cold and dense gas in prestellar cores. However, the detailed chemical processes and the roles of physical conditions on chemistry are still far from understood. To address these questions, we investigated twelve high-mass star-forming regions using the ALMA band 6 observations. They are associated with 44/95GHz class I and 6.7 GHz class II CH$_{3}$OH masers, indicative of undergoing active accretion. We found 28 hot…
Evaporation of grain-surface species by shock waves in proto-planetary disk
最近的ALMA（阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列）观测年轻的原恒星物体检测到温暖的SO排放，这可能与形成原恒星盘。为了研究这种温暖的气体是否可以通过吸积激波在形成盘上产生，我们计算了一维激波中各种颗粒表面物种的溅射和热脱附。我们发现，热脱附是更有效的比溅射在冲击后的区域。当吸积速度大于8 km s $^{-1}$，激波前气体数密度为10 $^{9}$ cm $^{-3}$时，H-$_{2}$-O可被热解吸;当吸积速度为2 km s $\gtrsim$，激波前气体数密度为10 $^{9}$ cm $^{-3}$和10 $\gtrsim$ cm $^{-3}$时，SO可被热解吸。我们还发现，在激波后暖气体中氢核的柱密度为$N_{\rm warm} \sim 10^{21}$ cm $^{-2}$。
Q/W-band Observations toward Starless Cores in Orion (QWOSCO) I. Overview, Isotopologues, Isomers, and Complex Organics
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica（中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所）；Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院上海天文台）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute（韩国天文学与空间科学研究所）；University of Science and Technology, Korea (UST)（韩国科学技术院）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University（南京大学天文与空间科学学院）
Aims: A unique environment to study how interstellar Complex Organic Molecules (iCOMs) can be formed is the shocked gas along low-mass protostellar outflows, as the dust mantles composition is sputtered into the gas phase. The chemical richness in these environments has been so far studied only in the L1157 blue shifted outflow. Methods: To understand if the L1157-B1 case is unique, we imaged the NGC 1333 IRAS 4A outflows using the NOEMA (NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array) interferometer as part of the IRAM SOLIS (Seeds Of Life in Space) Large Program and compared the observations with the GR…
The simultaneous detection of organic molecules of the form C$_2$H$_{\text{n}}$O, such as ketene (CH$_2$CO), acetaldehyde (CH$_3$CHO), and ethanol (CH$_3$CH$_2$OH), toward early star-forming regions offers hints of shared chemical history. Several reaction routes have been proposed and experimentally verified under various interstellar conditions to explain the formation pathways involved. Most noticeably, the non-energetic processing of C$_2$H$_2$ ice with OH-radicals and H-atoms was shown to provide formation routes to ketene, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and vinyl alcohol (CH$_2$CHOH) along the H…
(Abridged) Physical processes such as accretion shocks are thought to be common in the protostellar phase, where the envelope component is still present, and they can release molecules from the dust to the gas phase, altering the original chemical composition of the disk. Consequently, the study of accretion shocks is essential for a better understanding of the physical processes at disk scales and their chemical output. The purpose of this work is to assess the characteristics of accretion shocks traced by sulfur-related species. We present ALMA high angular resolution observations (0.1") of …
Quantifying the composition of the material in protoplanetary disks is paramount to determining the potential for exoplanetary systems to produce and support habitable environments. A key complex organic molecule (COM) to detect is methanol (CH3OH). CH3OH primarily forms at low temperatures via the hydrogenation of CO ice on the surface of icy dust grains and is a necessary basis for the formation of more complex species like amino acids and proteins. We report the detection of CH3OH in a disk around a young, luminous A-type star HD100546. This disk is warm and therefore does not host a signif…
