Inquiring into the nature of the Abell 2667 Brightest Cluster Galaxy: physical properties from MUSE
E. Iani, G. Rodighiero, J. Fritz, G. Cresci, C. Mancini, P. Tozzi, L. Rodriguez-Munoz, P. Rosati, G. B. Caminha, A. Zanella, S. Berta, P. Cassata, A. Concas, A.… 展开作者
E. Iani, G. Rodighiero, J. Fritz, G. Cresci, C. Mancini, P. Tozzi, L. Rodriguez-Munoz, P. Rosati, G. B. Caminha, A. Zanella, S. Berta, P. Cassata, A. Concas, A. Enia, D. Fadda, A. Franceschini, A. Liu, A. Mercurio, L. Morselli, P. G. Perez-Gonzalez, P. Popesso, G. Sabatini, J. Vernet, R. J. van Weeren
备注：
Accepted for publication on the 10th of June 2019 (MNRAS)
Based on HST and MUSE data, we probe the stellar and gas properties (i.e. kinematics, stellar mass, star formation rate) of the radio-loud brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) located at the centre of the X-ray luminous cool core cluster Abell 2667 (z = 0.2343). The bi-dimensional modelling of the BCG surface brightness profile reveals the presence of a complex system of substructures extending all around the galaxy. Clumps of different size and shape plunged into a more diffuse component constitute these substructures, whose intense 'blue' optical colour hints to the presence of a young stellar population. Our results depict the BCG as a massive (M_star ~ 1.38 x 10^11 M_sun) dispersion-supported spheroid (v_star < 150 km/s, sigma_0 ~ 216 km/s) hosting an active supermassive black hole (M_SMBH ~ 3.8 x 10^9 M_sun) whose optical features are typical of low ionisation nuclear emission line regions. Although the velocity pattern of the stars in the BCG is irregular, the stellar kinematics in the regions of the clumps show a positive velocity of ~ 100 km/s, similarly to the gas component. An analysis of the mechanism giving rise to the observed lines in the clumps through empirical diagnostic diagrams points out that the emission is composite, suggesting the contribution from both star formation and AGN. We conclude our analysis describing how scenarios of both chaotic cold accretion and merging with a gas-rich disc galaxy can efficaciously explain the phenomena the BCG is undergoing.
We present the first observations of the Frontier Fields Cluster Abell S1063 taken with the newly commissioned Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) integral field spectrograph. Because of the relatively large field of view (1 arcmin^2), MUSE is ideal to simultaneously target multiple galaxies in blank and cluster fields over the full optical spectrum. We analysed the four hours of data obtained in the Science Verification phase on this cluster and measured redshifts for 53 galaxies. We confirm the redshift of five cluster galaxies, and determine the redshift of 29 other cluster members. Be…
We investigate the strong-lensing cluster Abell 370 (A370) using a wide Integral Field Unit (IFU) spectroscopic mosaic from the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). IFU spectroscopy provides significant insight into the structure and mass content of galaxy clusters, yet IFU-based cluster studies focus almost exclusively on the central Einstein-radius region. Covering over 14 arcmin$^2$, the new MUSE mosaic extends significantly beyond the A370 Einstein radius, providing, for the first time, a detailed look at the cluster outskirts. Combining these data with wide-field, multi-band Hubble S…
Ram pressure stripping has been proven to be effective in shaping galaxy properties in dense environments at low redshift. The availability of MUSE observations of a sample of distant (z$\sim 0.3-0.5$) clusters has allowed to search for galaxies subject to this phenomenon at significant lookback times. In this paper we describe how we discovered and characterized 13 ram-pressure stripped galaxies in the central regions of two intermediate redshift (z$\sim$0.3-0.4) clusters, A2744 and A370, using the MUSE spectrograph. Emission line properties as well as stellar features have been analyzed to i…
We present an updated strong-lensing analysis of the massive cluster Abell 370 (A370), continuing the work first presented in Lagattuta et al. (2017). In this new analysis, we take advantage of the deeper imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Frontier Fields program, as well as a large spectroscopic mosaic obtained with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). Thanks to the extended coverage of this mosaic, we probe the full 3D distribution of galaxies in the field, giving us a unique picture of the extended structure of the cluster and its surroundings. Our final catalog con…
We present an analysis of MUSE observations obtained on the massive Frontier Fields cluster Abell 2744. This new dataset covers the entire multiply-imaged region around the cluster core. We measure spectroscopic redshifts for HST-selected continuum sources together with line emitters blindly detected in the datacube. The combined catalog consists of 514 spectroscopic redshifts (with 414 new identifications), including 156 cluster members and 326 magnified background sources. We use this redshift information to perform a strong-lensing analysis of all multiple images previously found in the dee…
We present a strong lensing analysis on the massive cluster Abell 370 (A370; z = 0.375), using a combination of deep multi-band Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) spectroscopy. From only two hours of MUSE data, we are able to measure 120 redshifts in the Southern BCG area, including several multiply-imaged lens systems. In total, we increase the number of multiply-imaged systems with a secure redshift from 4 to 15, nine of which are newly discovered. Of these, eight are located at z > 3, greatly extending the redshift range of spectroscopically-co…
In spite of their conjectured importance for the Epoch of Reionization, the properties of low-mass galaxies are currently still under large debate. In this article, we study the stellar and gaseous properties of faint, low-mass galaxies at z>3. We observed the Frontier Fields cluster Abell S1063 with MUSE over a 2 arcmin^2 field, and combined integral-field spectroscopy with gravitational lensing to perform a blind search for intrinsically faint Lya emitters (LAEs). We determined in total the redshift of 172 galaxies of which 14 are lensed LAEs at z=3-6.1. We increased the number of spectrosco…
We present the results obtained with MUSE on the core of the lensing cluster A1689. Integral-field observations with MUSE provide a unique view of the central region, allowing us to conduct a complete census on both cluster galaxies and lensed background sources, identified based on their spectral features without preselection. We investigate the multiple-image configuration for all known sources in the field. Previous to our survey, 28 different lensed galaxies displaying 46 multiple images were known in the MUSE field of view, most of them based on photometric redshifts and lensing considera…
We report observations of the radio galaxy 3C317 (at z=0.0345) located at the center of the Abell cluster A2052, obtained with the VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph. The Chandra images of this cluster show cavities in the X-ray emitting gas, which were produced by the expansion of the radio lobes inflated by the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Our exquisite MUSE data show with unprecedented detail the complex network of line emitting filaments enshrouding the northern X-ray cavity. We do not detect any emission lines from the southern cavity, with a luminosity asymmetry between the two regio…
We present the MUSE observations of UGC 6697, a giant (Mstar 10^{10} Msol) spiral galaxy infalling in the nearby cluster Abell 1367. During its high velocity transit through the intracluster medium (ICM), the hydrodynamical interactions with the ICM produce a ~ 100 kpc tail of ionized gas that we map with a mosaic of five MUSE pointings up to 60 kpc from the galaxy. CGCG 97087N, a small companion that lies at few arcminutes in projection from UGC 6697, is also suffering from the hydrodynamic action of the ICM of the cluster. Along the whole extent of the tail we detect diffuse H$α$ emission an…
We present a high-precision mass model of the galaxy cluster MACSJ1149.6+2223, based on a strong-gravitational-lensing analysis of Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields (HFF) imaging data and spectroscopic follow-up with Gemini/GMOS and VLT/MUSE. Our model includes 12 new multiply imaged galaxies, bringing the total to 22, comprised of 65 individual lensed images. Unlike the first two HFF clusters, Abell 2744 and MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ1149 does not reveal as many multiple images in the HFF data. Using the Lenstool software package and the new sets of multiple images, we model the cluster wit…
We present integral field spectroscopy of galaxy cluster Abell 3827, using ALMA and VLT/MUSE. It reveals an unusual configuration of strong gravitational lensing in the cluster core, with at least seven lensed images of a single background spiral galaxy. Lens modelling based on HST imaging had suggested that the dark matter associated with one of the cluster's central galaxies may be offset. The new spectroscopic data enable better subtraction of foreground light, and better identification of multiple background images. The inferred distribution of dark matter is consistent with being centered…
Context: The shape of the mass density profiles of cosmological halos informs us of the nature of DM and DM-baryons interactions. Previous estimates of the inner slope of the mass density profiles of clusters of galaxies are in opposition to predictions derived from numerical simulations of CDM. Aims: We determine the inner slope of the DM density profile of a massive cluster of galaxies, Abell S1063 (RXC J2248.7$-$4431) at $z=0.35$, with a dynamical analysis based on an extensive spectroscopic campaign carried out with the VIMOS and MUSE spectrographs at the ESO VLT. This new data set provide…
Through an ongoing MUSE program dedicated to study gas removal processes in galaxies (GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with MUSE, GASP), we have obtained deep and wide integral field spectroscopy of the galaxy JO171. This galaxy resembles the Hoag's galaxy, one of the most spectacular examples of ring galaxies, characterized by a completely detached ring of young stars surrounding a central old spheroid. At odds with the isolated Hoag's galaxy, JO171 is part of a dense environment, the cluster Abell 3667, which is causing gas stripping along tentacles. Moreover, its ring counter-rotates wit…
Studies of cluster galaxies are increasingly finding galaxies with spectacular one-sided tails of gas and young stars, suggestive of intense ram-pressure stripping. These so-called "jellyfish" galaxies typically have late-type morphology. In this paper, we present MUSE observations of an elliptical galaxy in Abell 2670 with long tails of material visible in the optical spectra, as well as blobs with tadpole-like morphology. The spectra in the central part of the galaxy reveals a stellar component as well as ionized gas. The stellar component does not have significant rotation, while the ionize…
Galaxy cluster Abell 3827 hosts the stellar remnants of four almost equally bright elliptical galaxies within a core of radius 10kpc. Such corrugation of the stellar distribution is very rare, and suggests recent formation by several simultaneous mergers. We map the distribution of associated dark matter, using new Hubble Space Telescope imaging and VLT/MUSE integral field spectroscopy of a gravitationally lensed system threaded through the cluster core. We find that each of the central galaxies retains a dark matter halo, but that (at least) one of these is spatially offset from its stars. Th…
Strong gravitational lensing (SL) has emerged as a very accurate probe of the mass distribution of cluster- and galaxy-scale dark matter (DM) haloes in the inner regions of galaxy clusters. The derived properties of DM haloes can be compared to the predictions of high-resolution cosmological simulations, providing us with a test of the Standard Cosmological Model. The usual choice of simple power-law scaling relations to link the total mass of members with their luminosity is one of the possible inherent systematics within SL models of galaxy clusters, and thus on the derived cluster masses. U…
Abell 1201 is a massive galaxy cluster at z=0.169 with a brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) that acts as a gravitational lens to a background source at z=0.451. The lensing configuration is unusual, with a single bright arc formed at small radius $\sim$2 arcsec), where stars and dark matter are both expected to contribute substantially to the total lensing mass. Here, we present deep spectroscopic observations of the Abell 1201 BCG with MUSE, which reveal emission lines from a faint counter-image, opposite to the main arc, at a radius of 0.6 arcsec. We explore models in which the lensing mass is d…
Holm 15A, the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) of the galaxy cluster Abell 85, has an ultra-diffuse central region, 2 mag fainter than the faintest depleted core of any early-type galaxy (ETG) that has been dynamically modelled in detail. We use orbit-based, axisymmetric Schwarzschild models to analyse the stellar kinematics of Holm 15A from new high-resolution, wide-field spectral observations obtained with MUSE at the VLT. We find a supermassive black hole (SMBH) with a mass of (4.0 +- 0.80) x 10^10 solar masses at the center of Holm 15A. This is the most massive black hole with a direct dynam…
We present a study of the physical properties of JO201, a unique disk galaxy with extended tails undergoing extreme ram-pressure stripping as it moves through the massive cluster Abell 85 at supersonic speeds mostly along the line of sight. JO201 was observed with MUSE as part of the GASP programme. In a previous paper (GASP II) we studied the stellar and gas kinematics. In this paper we present emission-line ratios, gas-phase metallicities and ages of the stellar populations across the galaxy disk and tails. We find that while the emission at the core of the galaxy is dominated by an active g…
We present XSHOOTER observations with previous ALMA, MUSE and $HST$ observations to study the nature of radio-jet triggered star formation and the interaction of radio jets with the interstellar medium in the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the Abell 1795 cluster. Using $HST$ UV data we determined an ongoing star formation rate of 9.3 M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. The star formation follows the global Kennicutt-Schmidt law, however, it has a low efficiency compared to circumnuclear starbursts in nearby galaxies with an average depletion time of $\sim$1 Gyr. The star formation and molecular gas are of…
This paper presents a spatially-resolved kinematic study of the jellyfish galaxy JO201, one of the most spectacular cases of ram-pressure stripping (RPS) in the GASP (GAs Stripping Phenomena in Galaxies with MUSE) survey. By studying the environment of JO201, we find that it is moving through the dense intra-cluster medium of Abell 85 at supersonic speeds along our line of sight, and that it is likely accompanied by a small group of galaxies. Given the density of the intra-cluster medium and the galaxy's mass, projected position and velocity within the cluster, we estimate that JO201 must so f…
We analyse the Kormendy relations (KRs) of the two Frontier Fields clusters, Abell S1063, at z = 0.348, and MACS J1149.5+2223, at z = 0.542, exploiting very deep Hubble Space Telescope photometry and VLT/MUSE integral field spectroscopy. With this novel dataset, we are able to investigate how the KR parameters depend on the cluster galaxy sample selection and how this affects studies of galaxy evolution based on the KR. We define and compare four different galaxy samples according to: (a) Sérsic indices: early-type ('ETG'), (b) visual inspection: 'ellipticals', (c) colours: 'red', (d) spectral…
Abell 2163 at $z \simeq 0.201$ is one of the most massive galaxy clusters known, very likely in a post-merging phase. Data from several observational windows suggest a complex mass structure with interacting subsystems, which makes the reconstruction of a realistic merging scenario very difficult. A missing key element in this sense is unveiling the cluster mass distribution at high resolution. We perform such a reconstruction of the cluster inner total mass through a strong lensing model based on new spectroscopic redshift measurements. We use data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (…
A comprehensive separation of dark matter and baryonic mass components in galaxy clusters I: Mass constraints from Abell S1063
Durham University（杜伦大学）；Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France（法国马赛艾克斯大学）；ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Córdova 3107,Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile（智利圣地亚哥ESO维塔库拉天文台）；SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, SK11 9FT, UK（英国SKA天文台乔德尔班克）；University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa（南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔大学）
We analyse the stellar kinematics of the z=0.169 brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in Abell 1201, using integral field observations with VLT/MUSE. This galaxy has a gravitationally-lensed arc located at unusually small radius ($\sim$5 kpc), allowing us to constrain the mass distribution using lensing and stellar dynamical information over the same radial range. We measure a velocity dispersion profile which is nearly flat at $σ$ $\approx$ 285 km/s in the inner $\sim$5 kpc, and then rises steadily to $σ$ $\approx$ 360 km/s at $\sim$30 kpc. We analyse the kinematics using axisymmetric Jeans models,…
We perform a comprehensive study of the total mass distribution of the galaxy cluster RXCJ2248 ($z=0.348$) with a set of high-precision strong lensing models, which take advantage of extensive spectroscopic information on many multiply lensed systems. In the effort to understand and quantify inherent systematics in parametric strong lensing modelling, we explore a collection of 22 models where we use different samples of multiple image families, parametrizations of the mass distribution and cosmological parameters. As input information for the strong lensing models, we use the CLASH HST imagin…
It is still a challenge to assess the merger fraction of galaxies at different cosmic epochs in order to probe the evolution of their mass assembly. Using the Illustris cosmological simulations, we investigate the relation between the separation of galaxies in a pair, both in velocity and projected spatial separation space, and the probability that these interacting galaxies will merge in the future. From this analysis, we propose a new set of criteria to select close pairs of galaxies along with a new corrective term to be applied to the computation of the galaxy merger fraction. We then prob…
The wavelength dependence of the Kormendy relation (KR) is well characterised at low redshift but poorly studied at intermediate redshifts. The KR provides information on the evolution of the population of early-type galaxies (ETGs). Therefore, by studying it, we may shed light on the assembly processes of these objects and their size evolution. As studies at different redshifts are generally conducted in different rest-frame wavebands, it is important to investigate whether the KR is dependent on wavelength. Knowledge of such a dependence is fundamental to correctly interpreting the conclusio…
A Kiloparsec-Scale Stellar Cavity in the Center of Abell402-BCG May be Caused by Dynamic Interactions with an Ultramassive Black Hole
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research（麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；Durham University（杜伦大学）；Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University（杜伦大学物理系计算宇宙学研究所）；STAR Institute（STAR研究所）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）；Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC)（坎塔布里亚物理研究所）
A Lyman continuum analysis for $\sim 100$ galaxies at $z_{\text{spec}} \sim 3$ in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University（北京大学物理学院天文学系）；Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所）；Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA)（奥地利科学技术研究所）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；IPAC, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院IPAC）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学物理系）；University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics（卢布尔雅那大学数学与物理学院）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis（加州大学戴维斯分校物理与天文学系）；Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology（斯威本科技大学天体物理学与超级计算中心）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）
The velocity dispersion function of red galaxies in four Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters
Università degli Studi di Ferrara（费拉拉大学）；Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学）；University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑大学）；INAF – IASF Milano（意大利国家天体物理研究所米兰天文物理研究所）；INAF – OAS, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学研究所）；Università Degli Studi di Salerno（萨莱诺大学）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）
Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) in massive dark matter halos are shaped by complex merging processes. We present a detailed stellar population analysis in the central region of Abell 3827 at $z\sim0.1$, including five-nucleus galaxies involved in a BCG assembly. Based on deep spectroscopy from Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), we fit the optical spectra of 13 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the central 70 kpc of the cluster. The stellar populations in the central $R=1$ kpc of these ETGs are old (6-10 Gyr). Their [Fe/H] increases with $σ_{\star}$ and stellar mass. More importantly, [$α$…
We analyze the properties of a multiply-imaged Lyman-alpha (Lya) emitter at z=5.75 identified through SHARDS Frontier Fields intermediate-band imaging of the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) cluster Abell 370. The source, A370-L57, has low intrinsic luminosity (M_UV~-16.5), steep UV spectral index (β=-2.4+/-0.1), and extreme rest-frame equivalent width of Lya (EW(Lya)=420+180-120 Å). Two different gravitational lens models predict high magnification (μ~10--16) for the two detected counter-images, separated by 7", while a predicted third counter-image (μ~3--4) is undetected. We find differences of …
ESO 243-49 is a high-mass (circular velocity $v_{\rm c}\approx200\,{\rm km\,s^{-1}}$) edge-on S0 galaxy in the Abell 2877 cluster at a distance of $\sim95\,{\rm Mpc}$. To elucidate the origin of its thick disc, we use MUSE science verification data to study its kinematics and stellar populations. The thick disc emits $\sim80\%$ of the light at heights in excess of $3.5^{\prime\prime}$ ($1.6\,{\rm kpc}$). The rotation velocities of its stars lag by $30-40\,{\rm km\,s^{-1}}$ compared to those in the thin disc, which is compatible with the asymmetric drift. The thick disc is found to be more meta…
We present an improved determination of the total mass distribution of three CLASH/HFF massive clusters, MACS J1206.2-0847 (z=0.44), MACS J0416.1-2403 (z=0.40), Abell S1063 (z=0.35). We specifically reconstruct the sub-halo mass component with robust stellar kinematics information of cluster galaxies, in combination with precise strong lensing models based on large samples of spectroscopically identified multiple images. We use VLT/MUSE integral-field spectroscopy in the cluster cores to measure the stellar velocity dispersion, $σ$, of 40-60 member galaxies per cluster, covering 4-5 magnitudes…
We present ALMA and MUSE observations of the Brightest Cluster Galaxy in Abell 2597, a nearby (z=0.0821) cool core cluster of galaxies. The data map the kinematics of a three billion solar mass filamentary nebula that spans the innermost 30 kpc of the galaxy's core. Its warm ionized and cold molecular components are both cospatial and comoving, consistent with the hypothesis that the optical nebula traces the warm envelopes of many cold molecular clouds that drift in the velocity field of the hot X-ray atmosphere. The clouds are not in dynamical equilibrium, and instead show evidence for inflo…
Multi-phase filamentary structures around Brightest Cluster Galaxies are likely a key step of AGN-feedback. We observed molecular gas in 3 cool cluster cores: Centaurus, Abell S1101, and RXJ1539.5 and gathered ALMA and MUSE data for 12 other clusters. Those observations show clumpy, massive and long, 3--25 kpc, molecular filaments, preferentially located around the radio bubbles inflated by the AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus). Two objects show nuclear molecular disks. The optical nebula is certainly tracing the warm envelopes of cold molecular filaments. Surprisingly, the radial profile of the H…
We present VLT/X-Shooter and MUSE spectroscopy of an faint F814W=28.60+/-0.33 (Muv=-17.0), low mass (~<10^7 Msun) and compact (Reff=62pc) freshly star-forming galaxy at z=3.1169 magnified (16x) by the Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy cluster Abell S1063. Gravitational lensing allows for a significant jump toward low-luminosity regimes, in moderately high resolution spectroscopy (R=lambda/dlambda ~ 3000-7400). We measured CIV1548,1550, HeII1640, OIII]1661,1666, CIII]1907,1909, Hbeta, [OIII]4959,5007, emission lines with FWHM< 50 km/s and (de-lensed) fluxes spanning the interval 1.0x10^-19 - 2.0x10…
Dynamical models of cluster members to probe the total mass properties of cluster subhalos. I. A comparison with parametric strong lensing models
Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学）；INAF – IASF Milano（意大利国家天体物理研究所-米兰天文物理研究所）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara（费拉拉大学地球与物理系）；Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯宇宙学与引力研究所）；INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所-博洛尼亚天文物理与空间科学观测站）；Università di Salerno（萨莱诺大学）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所-卡波迪蒙特天文台）
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