来自QCD时代的原初黑洞：联系暗物质、重子生成和人择
Primordial black holes from the QCD epoch: Linking dark matter, baryogenesis and anthropic selection
摘要：
如果原初黑洞（PBH）形成于夸克-强子时代，那么它们的质量一定接近于克拉塞卡极限，这也是恒星的特征质量。如果它们提供了暗物质（DM），那么坍缩分数的数量级一定是宇宙学重子与光子之比$\sim 10^{-9}$，这意味着在每个PBH周围的传出激波中有效地产生重子不对称性，然后传播到宇宙的其余部分。我们认为，在冲击的温度升高提供了热点电弱重子发生的成分。这也解释了为什么重子和DM具有相当的密度，精确的比例取决于PBH相对于形成时宇宙视界的大小。所观察到的坍缩分数和重子不对称性的值取决于产生PBH的曲率波动的幅度，并可以解释与星系的存在相关的人为选择效应。我们提出了一个方案，在通货膨胀过程中的光随机观众场的量子波动产生大曲率波动在某些地区，这个字段的随机性提供了所需的选择的基础。最后，我们确定了几个观测预测我们的情况下，应该是在未来几年内测试。特别是，PBH质量函数可以扩展到足够高的质量来解释LIGO/Virgo观测到的黑洞合并。
英文摘要：
If primordial black holes (PBHs) formed at the quark-hadron epoch, their mass must be close to the Chandrasekhar limit, this also being the characteristic mass of stars. If they provide the dark matter (DM), the collapse fraction must be of order the cosmological baryon-to-photon ratio $\sim 10^{-9}$, which suggests a scenario in which a baryon asymmetry is produced efficiently in the outgoing shock around each PBH and then propagates to the rest of the Universe. We suggest that the temperature increase in the shock provides the ingredients for hot spot electroweak baryogenesis. This also explains why baryons and DM have comparable densities, the precise ratio depending on the size of the PBH relative to the cosmological horizon at formation. The observed value of the collapse fraction and baryon asymmetry depends on the amplitude of the curvature fluctuations which generate the PBHs and may be explained by an anthropic selection effect associated with the existence of galaxies. We propose a scenario in which the quantum fluctuations of a light stochastic spectator field during inflation generate large curvature fluctuations in some regions, with the stochasticity of this field providing the basis for the required selection. Finally, we identify several observational predictions of our scenario that should be testable within the next few years. In particular, the PBH mass function could extend to sufficiently high masses to explain the black hole coalescences observed by LIGO/Virgo.
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