Brambilla, Escobedo, Soto, and Vairo have derived an effective description of quarkonium with two parameters; a momentum diffusion term and a real self-energy term. We point out that there is a similar real self-energy term for a single open heavy flavor and that it can be expressed directly in terms of Euclidean electric field correlators along a Polyakov line. This quantity can be directly studied on the lattice without the need for analytical continuation. We show that Minkowski-space calculations of this correlator correspond with the known NLO Euclidean value of the relevant electric field two-point function and that it differs from the real self-energy term for quarkonium.
The open-charm Euclidean correlators have been computed for the first time using the thermal spectral functions extracted from a finite-temperature self-consistent unitarized approach based on a chiral effective field theory that implements heavy-quark spin symmetry. The inclusion of the full-energy dependent open-charm spectral functions in the calculation of the Euclidean correlators leads to a similar behaviour as the one obtained in lattice QCD for temperatures well below the transition deconfinement temperature. The discrepancies at temperatures close or above the transition deconfinement…
We show how the sphaleron rate (the Minkowski rate for topological charge diffusion) can be determined by analytical continuation of the Euclidean topological-charge-density two-point function, which we investigate on the lattice, using gradient flow to reduce noise and provide improved operators which more accurately measure topology. We measure the correlators on large, fine lattices in the quenched approximation at $1.5\,T_c$ with high precision. Based on these data we first perform a continuum extrapolation at fixed physical flow time and then extrapolate the continuum estimates to zero fl…
The photon emission rate of a thermally equilibrated system is determined by the imaginary part of the in-medium retarded correlator of the electromagnetic current transverse to the spatial momentum of the photon. In a Lorentz-covariant theory, this correlator can be parametrized by a scalar function ${\cal G}_R(u\cdot {\cal K},{\cal K}^2)$, where $u$ is the fluid four-velocity and ${\cal K}$ corresponds to the momentum of the photon. We propose to compute the analytic continuation of ${\cal G}_R(u\cdot {\cal K},{\cal K}^2)$ at fixed, vanishing virtuality ${\cal K}^2$, to imaginary values of t…
We propose a new method to renormalize lattice operators. The method is based on the technique to compute the spectral sum appearing in the Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov QCD sum rule from lattice correlators. The application of this technique to the light quark system is useful for operator renormalization as well as for the test of perturbative QCD and OPE. We determine the renormalization constant of the vector current and discuss extensions to other current operators.
Using an OPE modification, which takes non-perturbative non-locality into account, the difference and sum of vector and axial-vector correlators are evaluated in euclidean position space. For distances up to 0.8 fm the calculated behavior is close to the instanton liquid result and the ALEPH data, in contrast to the implications of the conventional OPE.
We study charmonia correlators at finite temperature. We analyze to what extent heavy quarkonia correlators are sensitive to the effect of heavy quark transport and whether it is possible to constrain the heavy quark diffusion constant by lattice calculations. Preliminary lattice calculations of quarkonia correlators performed on anisotropic lattices show that they are sensitive to the effect of heavy quark transport, but much detailed calculations are required to constrain the value of the heavy quark diffusion constant.
We investigate the 2-point correlation function for the vector current. The gluons provide dressings for both the quark self energy as well as the vector vertex function, which are described consistently by the rainbow Dyson-Schwinger equation and the inhomogeneous ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation. The form of the gluon propagator at low momenta is modeled by a 2-parameter ansatz fitting the weak pion decay constant. The quarks are confined in the sense that the quark propagator does not have a pole at timelike momenta. We determine the ground state mass in the vector channel from the Euclidean …
We provide the reader with a (very) short review of recent advances in our understanding of the $π$-dependent terms in massless (Euclidean) 2-point functions as well as in generic anomalous dimensions and $β$-functions. We extend the considerations of [1] by one more loop, that is for the case of 6-loop correlators and 7-loop renormalization group (RG) functions.
We investigate the properties of heavy quarkonia at finite temperature in detail using QCD sum rules. Extending previous analyses, we take into account a temperature dependent effective continuum threshold and derive constraints on the mass, the width, and the varying effective continuum threshold. We find that at least one of these quantities of a charmonium changes abruptly in the vicinity of the phase transition. We also calculate the ratio of the imaginary time correlator to its reconstructed one, $G/G_{\text{rec}}$, by constructing a model spectral function and compare it to the correspon…
I show that the parton physics related to correlations of quarks and gluons on the light-cone can be studied through the matrix elements of frame-dependent, equal-time correlators in the large momentum limit. This observation allows practical calculations of parton properties on an Euclidean lattice. As an example, I demonstrate how to recover the leading-twist quark distribution by boosting an equal-time correlator to a large momentum.
Coefficient functions of the operator product expansion of correlators of HQET heavy--light quark currents are calculated up operators of dimension 4 up to to 3 loops.
Recently an electric and magnetic field correlator appearing in the description of the heavy quarkonium system was evaluated on the lattice. Here, we give a nonperturbative analytical evaluation of this field correlator using a dual description of long distance Yang--Mills theory and using the stochastic vacuum model. The two predictions are both compatible with lattice data but show a different dependence on the quark separation. We discuss the analytic results in relation to the lattice data.
We develop an effective field theory (EFT) framework to perform an analytic calculation for energy correlator observables computed on groomed heavy-quark jets. A soft-drop grooming algorithm is applied to a jet initiated by a massive quark to minimize soft contamination effects such as pile-up and multi-parton interactions. We specifically consider the two-particle energy correlator as an initial application of this EFT framework to compute heavy quark jet substructure. We find that there are different regimes for the event shapes, depending on the size of the measured correlator observable, t…
In the high-temperature phase of QCD, the heavy quark momentum diffusion constant determines, via a fluctuation-dissipation relation, how fast a heavy quark kinetically equilibrates. This transport coefficient can be extracted from thermal correlators via a Kubo formula. We present a lattice calculation of the relevant Euclidean correlators in the gluon plasma, based on a recent formulation of the problem in heavy-quark effective field theory (HQET). We find a $\approx20%$ enhancement of the Euclidean correlator at maximal time separation as the temperature is lowered from $6T_c$ to $2T_c$, po…
We study the diffusion of heavy quarks in the Quark Gluon Plasma using the Langevin equations of motion and estimate the contribution of the transport peak to the Euclidean current-current correlator. We show that the Euclidean correlator is remarkably insensitive to the heavy quark diffusion coefficient and give a simple physical interpretation of this result using the free streaming Boltzmann equation. However if the diffusion coefficient is smaller than $\sim 1/(πT)$, as favored by RHIC phenomenology, the transport contribution should be visible in the Euclidean correlator. We outline a pro…
The second moment of the heavy quark vector correlator at O(alpha_s^3) is presented. The implications of this result on recent determinations of the charm and bottom quark mass are discussed.
We consider the four point connected correlator representing a static quark-antiquark pair separated by a spatial distance R, propagating for a Euclidean time T. This function is computed by lattice Monte Carlo in SU(2) pure gauge theory at lattice couplings $β=2.2$ and $β=2.5$ in both Coulomb and Landau gauges. The Coulomb gauge correlator is well behaved, and is dominated at large T by a state whose energy grows linearly as $σR$, with $σ$ the known asymptotic string tension. The connected correlator in Landau gauge behaves differently. At intermediate R there is clear evidence of a linear po…
We calculate the small-momentum expansion of vector, axial-vector, scalar, and pseudo-scalar heavy-quark current correlators in the large-$β_0$ limit of QCD, extending the analysis of Grozin and Sturm beyond the vector current. Our results are used to study the higher-order behaviour of dimensionless ratios of vector and pseudo-scalar moments used for the precise extraction of the strong coupling, $α_s$, from relativistic quarkonium sum rules and lattice data, respectively. We show that these ratios benefit from a partial cancellation of the leading renormalon singularities. Our results can gu…
An expansion scheme is developed for Feynman diagrams describing the production of one massive and one massless particle near the threshold. As an example application, we compute the correlators of heavy-light quark currents, (\bar b gamma_mu u) and (\bar b gamma_5 u), through O(alpha_s^2).
We investigate the quarkonia correlators in QCD with no light quarks within a potential model with different screened potentials. Our results for the temperature dependence of the charmonium and bottomonium correlators are qualitatively consistent with existing and preliminary lattice results. We identify however, a much reacher structure in the correlators than the one seen on the lattice.
Relations connecting various zero momentum correlators of interpolating fields for pseudoscalar and scalar channel, containing one heavy and one light quark field, are derived from the Euclidean space formulation of the QCD functional integral. These relations may serve as constraints on the phenomenological models or approaches motivated from QCD, and suggest a method to extract the chiral quark condensates. It is also found that the correlator for pseudoscalar channel differs from that for scalar channel even in the large heavy quark mass limit.
We consider moments of the non-diagonal vector, axial-vector, scalar and pseudo-scalar current correlators involving two different massive quark flavours up to three-loop accuracy. Expansions around the limits where one mass is zero and the equal-mass case are computed. These results are used to construct approximations valid for arbitrary mass values.
HQET currents with the quantum numbers of the ground-state baryons are discussed. One-loop anomalous dimensions are calculated, and exact one-loop matching to QCD currents is found. Two-point correlators of these currents are calculated taking into account $d\le9$ terms of the OPE. Sum rules for heavy baryons Lambda_Q and Sigma^(*)_Q are analyzed. Three-point correlators of two baryonic currents and a heavy-heavy velocity changing current are calculated with the same accuracy. The baryonic Isgur-Wise form factors are estimated from the corresponding sum rules.
The Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin (LKF) transformation is a powerful and elegant transformation allowing to study the gauge dependence of the propagator of charged particles interacting with gauge fields. With the help of this transformation, we derive a non-perturbative identity between massless propagators in two different gauges. From this identity, we find that the corresponding perturbative series can be exactly expressed in terms of a hatted transcendental basis that eliminates all even Euler $ζ$-functions. This explains the mystery of even $ζ$-values observed in multi-loop calculations of …
We calculate the low-energy limit of heavy quark current correlators within an expansion in the inverse heavy quark mass. The induced low-energy currents built from the gluon fields corresponding to the initial heavy quark currents are obtained from an effective action for gauge fields in the one-loop approximation at the leading order of the 1/m expansion. Explicit formulae for the low-energy spectra of electromagnetic and tensor heavy quark current correlators are given. Consequences of the appearance of a nonvanishing spectral density below the two-particle threshold for high precision phen…
We describe several techniques for the calculation of multi-loop integrals and their application to heavy quark current correlators. As new results, we present the four-loop correction to the second and third physical moment in the low-energy expansions of vector, axial-vector and scalar quark current correlators. Using a Ward identity, we obtain the third and fourth moment for the pseudo-scalar correlator. We briefly discuss the impact of these results on the determination of the charm quark mass and the strong coupling constant using lattice simulations for the current correlators and of the…
We present the result for the first moment of the scalar and axial-vector current correlator in third order of the strong coupling constant alpha_s and give the details of a recent evaluation of the pseudo-scalar correlator. The results can be used to reduce the theoretical uncertainty due to higher order corrections for the determination of fundamental parameters of QCD in the context of lattice calculations.
We calculate three-loop corrections to correlation functions of heavy-quark currents in the low- and high-energy regions. We present 30 coefficients both in the low-energy and the high-energy expansion of the scalar and the vector correlator with non-diagonal flavour structure. In addition we compute 30 coefficients in the high-energy expansion of the diagonal vector, axial-vector, scalar and pseudo-scalar correlators. Possible applications of our new results are improvements of lattice-based quark-mass determinations and the approximate reconstruction of the full momentum dependence of the co…
We discuss information on thermal modifications of hadron properties which can be extracted from the structure of Euclidean correlation functions of hadronic currents as well as more direct information obtained through the reconstruction of the spectral functions based on the Maximum Entropy Method.
Thermalization of a heavy quark near rest is controlled by the correlator of two electric fields along a temporal Wilson line. We address this correlator within real-time, classical lattice Yang-Mills theory, and elaborate on the analogies that exist with the dynamics of hot QCD. In the weak-coupling limit, it can be shown analytically that the dynamics on the two sides are closely related to each other. For intermediate couplings, we carry out non-perturbative simulations within the classical theory, showing that the leading term in the weak-coupling expansion significantly underestimates the…
Many lattice studies of heavy quark diffusion originate from a colour-electric correlator, obtained as a leading term after an expansion in the inverse of the heavy-quark mass. In view of the fact that the charm quark is not particularly heavy, we consider subleading terms in the expansion. Working out correlators up to $O(1/M^2)$, we argue that the leading corrections are suppressed by $O(T/M)$, and one of them can be extracted from a colour-magnetic correlator. The corresponding transport coefficient is non-perturbative already at leading order in the weak-coupling expansion, and therefore r…
The correlator of vector heavy-quark currents at small q^2 is considered in the large-beta_0 limit. The leading IR renormalon ambiguity of the sum of the perturbative series is canceled by the UV renormalon ambiguity of the gluon condensate. Asymptotic behaviour of the perturbative series is obtained in a model-independent way, up to a single unknown normalization factor. Gluon-virtuality distribution functions for the perturbative correction are calculated.
We derive the Operator Product Expansion whose vacuum expectation value gives the time-moments of the pseudoscalar heavy-light current-current correlator up to and including terms in $α_s^2$ multiplying $\langle\overlineψψ\rangle/M^3$ and terms in $α_s$ multiplying $\langle α_s G^2 \rangle/M^4$, where $M$ is the heavy-quark mass. Using lattice QCD results for heavy-strange correlators obtained for a variety of heavy quark masses on gluon field configurations including $u$, $d$ and $s$ quarks in the sea at three values of the lattice spacing, we are able to show that the contribution of the str…
We construct approximate formulas for the O(α_s^3) QCD contributions to vector, axial-vector, scalar and pseudo-scalar quark current correlators, which are valid for arbitrary values of momenta and masses. The derivation is based on conformal mapping and the Pade approximation procedure and incorporates known expansions in the low energy, threshold and high energy regions. We use our results to estimate additional terms in these expansions.
Using the new non-analytic reconstruction method obtained from Mellin-Barnes properties, one can extract the value $m_c(\bar{\text{MS}}) = 1.12 \pm 0.08 \;\; \text{GeV}$ from experimental data of the radiation-corrected measured hadronic cross section to the calculated lowest-order cross section for muon pair production in the heavy-quark approximation.
We present the first 30 moments of the low energy expansions of the vector, axial-vector, scalar and pseudo-scalar heavy quark correlation functions at three-loop order, including the singlet contribution which appears for the first time at three loops. In addition we compare the behavior of the moments for large n with the prediction from threshold calculations.
We perform a complete next-to-leading order calculation of the non-Abelian electric field correlator in a SU($N_c$) plasma, which encodes properties of the plasma relevant for heavy particle bound state formation and dissociation, and is different from the correlator for the heavy quark diffusion coefficient. The calculation is carried out in the real-time formalism of thermal field theory and includes both vacuum and finite temperature contributions. By working in the $R_ξ$ gauge, we explicitly show the results are gauge independent, infrared and collinear safe. The renormalization group equa…
Bound states of heavy quarks are considered. Using the path integral formalism we are able to rederive, in a gauge invariant way, the Leutwyler-Voloshin short distance analysis as well as a long distance linear potential. At all distances we describe the states in terms of nonperturbative field correlators, and we include radiative corrections at short and intermediate distances. For intermediate distance states (particularly $b\bar {b}$ with $n=2$) our results improve, qualitatively and quantitatively, standard analyses, thanks mostly to being able to take into account the finiteness of the c…
We study on the lattice the correlator of heavy-quark currents in the vicinity of vanishing momentum. The renormalized charmed quark mass, the renormalized strong coupling constant and gluon condensate can be defined in terms of the derivatives of that correlator at zero momentum. We analyze quenched Monte-Carlo data on a small lattice $8^3*16$ for $β=6$. We generalize dispersion relations to the lattice theory in a simple way and use them successfully to fit the correlator at both small and large distances. We fit the short-distance part of the correlator with the relevant expressions of pert…
We present analytical next-to-leading order results for the correlator of baryonic currents at the three-loop level with one finite mass quark. We obtain the massless and the HQET limits of the correlator as particular cases from the general formula, we also give explicit expressions for the moments of the spectral density. Calculations have been performed with an extensive use of the symbolic manipulation programs MATHEMATICA and REDUCE.
We compute moments of non-diagonal correlators with two massive quarks. Results are obtained where no restriction on the ratio of the masses is assumed. Both analytical and numerical methods are applied in order to evaluate the two-scale master integrals at three loops. We provide explicit results for the latter which are useful for other calculations. As a by-product we obtain results for the electroweak $ρ$ parameter up to three loops which can be applied to a fourth generation of quarks with arbitrary masses.
The photon emissivity of quark-gluon plasma probes the interactions in the medium and differs qualitatively between a weakly coupled and a strongly coupled plasma in the soft-photon regime. The photon emissivity is given by the product of kinematic factors and a spectral function associated with the two-point correlator of the electromagnetic current at lightlike kinematics. A certain Euclidean correlator at imaginary spatial momentum can be calculated in lattice QCD and is given by an integral over the relevant spectral function at lightlike kinematics. I present a first exploratory lattice c…
Correlators of heavy-light quark currents in HQET: Perturbative contribution up to 4 loops and beyond
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics（布德克尔核物理研究所）；Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research（杜布纳联合核研究所鲍戈留博夫理论物理实验室）
The non-diagonal correlators of vector and scalar currents are considered at three-loop order in QCD. The full mass dependence is computed in the case where one of the quarks is massless and the other one carries mass $M$. We exploit the decoupling relations between the full theory and the heavy quark effective theory (HQET) in order to obtain the logarithmic parts of the leading threshold terms. With the help of conformal mapping and Padé approximation numerical estimates for the non-logarithmic terms are extracted which in turn lead to a prediction of the correlator in HQET at order $α_s^2$.…
In the present work we consider the influence on the heavy quark correlators due to the instanton background in the framework of instanton liquid model (ILM) of QCD vacuum by taking into account also the perturbative gluon effects. For a single heavy quark this leads to the mass shift due to the direct-instanton nonperturbative and ILM modified perturbative contributions, respectively. In the heavy quark-antiquark ($Q\bar{Q}$) sector we obtain the potential consisting the direct instanton induced part and the one-gluon exchange (OGE) perturbative part which is screened at large distances due t…
Understanding the detailed structure of energy flow within jets, a field known as jet substructure, plays a central role in searches for new physics, and precision studies of QCD. Many applications of jet substructure require an understanding of jets initiated by heavy quarks, whose description has lagged behind remarkable recent progress for massless jets. In this Letter, we initiate a study of correlation functions of energy flow operators on beauty and charm jets to illuminate the effects of the intrinsic mass of the elementary particles of QCD. We present a factorization theorem incorporat…
