将地球表面视为软物质景观
Viewing Earth's surface as a soft matter landscape
摘要：
地球表面是由各种各样的颗粒-流体混合物组成的：干的到湿的，稀的到浓的，胶体的到颗粒的，吸引的到排斥的颗粒。这种材料的多样性与相关应力和应变率的范围相匹配，从层流到湍流，从稳定到间歇性的强迫，导致从快速和灾难性的滑坡到地质时间尺度上土壤和岩石的缓慢松弛。地球物理流动塑造了景观，但也威胁到人类生命和基础设施。从物理学的角度来看，几乎所有的地球和行星景观都是由软物质组成的，从某种意义上说，它们都是可变形的，对集体效应敏感。然而，地球物理材料通常涉及尚未在物理学中研究的成分和流动几何形状。在这篇综述中，我们将探讨软物质的观点如何帮助照亮，甚至预测，地球物质及其相关景观的丰富动态。我们还强调了一些新的现象，地球物理流动的挑战，并希望能激发，更基本的工作在软物质。
英文摘要：
The Earth's surface is composed of a staggering diversity of particulate-fluid mixtures: dry to wet, dilute to dense, colloidal to granular, and attractive to repulsive particles. This material variety is matched by the range of relevant stresses and strain rates, from laminar to turbulent flows, and steady to intermittent forcing, leading to anything from rapid and catastrophic landslides to the slow relaxation of soil and rocks over geologic timescales. Geophysical flows sculpt landscapes, but also threaten human lives and infrastructure. From a physics point of view, virtually all Earth and planetary landscapes are composed of soft matter, in the sense they are both deformable and sensitive to collective effects. Geophysical materials, however, often involve compositions and flow geometries that have not yet been examined in physics. In this review we explore how a soft-matter perspective has helped to illuminate, and even predict, the rich dynamics of Earth materials and their associated landscapes. We also highlight some novel phenomena of geophysical flows that challenge, and will hopefully inspire, more fundamental work in soft matter.
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