先进的X射线成像卫星
The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite
摘要：
宇宙中的许多重子物质，包括最活跃和最明亮的光源，最好在X射线波段进行研究。X射线光学器件和探测器的关键进展为先进X射线成像卫星（AXIS）铺平了道路，这是一个探测级任务，是对钱德拉的重大改进，钱德拉在过去20年中产生了源源不断的重要发现。AXIS可以在21世纪20年代末发射，并将改变我们对天体物理学几个主要领域的理解，包括超大质量黑洞的生长和燃料，星系形成和演化，宇宙等离子体的微观物理学，时变宇宙以及各种各样的前沿研究。相对于钱德拉，AXIS PSF在轴上的清晰度几乎是钱德拉的两倍;其亚弧秒成像的视场面积大70倍;其在1 keV下的有效面积大10倍。低地球轨道确保了一个低而稳定的探测器背景，从而使扩展源的灵敏度比钱德拉高50倍。AXIS具有与Swift类似的快速重定位响应，但对时域科学的敏感性要高出100倍。这些能力开辟了广阔的发现空间，并补充了下一代天文观测台。高光谱分辨率飞行任务（雅典娜）与高角度分辨率飞行任务（AXIS）同时运行，大大增加了科学发现的范围。AXIS将使用由NASA戈达德开发的薄单晶硅镜制成的轻型X射线光学器件。该探测器阵列建立在X射线CCD的长期传统上，并提供改进的光子定位、更快的读出时间和更宽的能带。估计的任务成本与10亿美元探测器任务成本指南一致。
英文摘要：
Much of the baryonic matter in the Universe, including the most active and luminous sources, are best studied in the X-ray band. Key advances in X-ray optics and detectors have paved the way for the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a Probe-class mission that is a major improvement over Chandra, which has generated a steady stream of important discoveries for the past 2 decades. AXIS can be launched in the late 2020s and will transform our understanding in several major areas of astrophysics, including the growth and fueling of supermassive black holes, galaxy formation and evolution, the microphysics of cosmic plasmas, the time-variable universe, and a wide variety of cutting-edge studies. Relative to Chandra, the AXIS PSF is nearly twice as sharp on-axis; its field of view for subarcsecond imaging 70 times larger by area; its effective area at 1 keV is 10 times larger. The low-Earth orbit ensures a low and stable detector background, resulting in 50 times greater sensitivity than Chandra for extended sources. AXIS has a rapid repointing response with operations similar to Swift, but is 100 times more sensitive for time-domain science. These capabilities open up a vast discovery space and complement the next generation of astronomical observatories. A high-spectral-resolution mission (Athena) operating at the same time as a high-angular-resolution mission (AXIS) greatly increases the range of scientific discovery. AXIS will use lightweight X-ray optics made of thin single-crystal silicon mirrors developed at NASA Goddard. The detector array builds on a long legacy of X-ray CCD and provides improved photon localization, much faster readout time, and broader energy band. The estimated mission costs are consistent with the $1B Probe mission cost guideline.
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