在线劳动分工：开源软件中的涌现结构
Online division of labour: emergent structures in Open Source Software
摘要：
开源软件的开发从根本上取决于志愿开发人员的参与和承诺。一些作品提出了增加新贡献者的加入和参与的策略，但对这些不同的开发人员群体如何自我组织起来共同工作知之甚少。为了理解这一点，我们必须考虑到，一方面，像GitHub这样的平台提供了一个几乎无限的开发框架：任何数量的参与者都可以以分散、分布式、远程和异步的方式加入进来。然而，另一方面，似乎合理的是，必须有某种等级制度和劳动分工，以满足人类的生物和认知限制，并实现一定程度的效率。当项目被表示为开发者文件的二分网络时，这些后一种特征（等级和劳动分工）应该转化为可识别的结构安排。在本文中，我们分析了一组流行的开源项目从GitHub，把重点放在三个关键属性：嵌套，模块化和块嵌套-这代表了贡献者之间的异质性的出现，出现的开发人员的子组工作的特定子组的文件，以及前两个的混合物，分别。这些分析表明，实际上，项目演变成内部组织的区块。此外，这种块的大小的分布是有界的，连接我们的结果，著名的邓巴数在离线和在线环境。我们的分析创建了一个生物认知约束，群体形成和在线工作环境之间的联系，开辟了一个丰富的场景，为未来的研究（在线）工作团队组装。
英文摘要：
The development Open Source Software fundamentally depends on the participation and commitment of volunteer developers to progress. Several works have presented strategies to increase the on-boarding and engagement of new contributors, but little is known on how these diverse groups of developers self-organise to work together. To understand this, one must consider that, on one hand, platforms like GitHub provide a virtually unlimited development framework: any number of actors can potentially join to contribute in a decentralised, distributed, remote, and asynchronous manner. On the other, however, it seems reasonable that some sort of hierarchy and division of labour must be in place to meet human biological and cognitive limits, and also to achieve some level of efficiency. These latter features (hierarchy and division of labour) should translate into recognisable structural arrangements when projects are represented as developer-file bipartite networks. In this paper we analyse a set of popular open source projects from GitHub, placing the accent on three key properties: nestedness, modularity and in-block nestedness -which typify the emergence of heterogeneities among contributors, the emergence of subgroups of developers working on specific subgroups of files, and a mixture of the two previous, respectively. These analyses show that indeed projects evolve into internally organised blocks. Furthermore, the distribution of sizes of such blocks is bounded, connecting our results to the celebrated Dunbar number both in off- and on-line environments. Our analyses create a link between bio-cognitive constraints, group formation and online working environments, opening up a rich scenario for future research on (online) work team assembly.
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