1835-1836年日本国友太阳黑子图的再认识
Revisiting Kunitomo's Sunspot Drawings during 1835-1836 in Japan
摘要：
我们重温了日本天文学家Kunitomo Toubei在1835-1836年期间绘制的太阳黑子图，并重新计算了每张图像的太阳黑子群数量。有两个系列的图纸，初步（P，包含17天的观察）和总结（S，涵盖156天的观察），所有使用毛笔和墨水。S是1835年2月至1836年3月期间的图纸汇编。目前，P图纸只有一个月，1835年9月;其他时期的图纸可能已经丢失。另一幅图（I）让我们恢复了1836年9月25日的原始星系群计数（RGC），这一天的RGC还没有在现有的星表中登记。我们还修改了RGC从P和S使用苏黎世分类，并确定Kunitomo的结果往往会产生较小的RGC比其他当代观察者。此外，我们发现Kunitomo的RGCs和光斑面积的相关性（0.71）与当代观察者Schwabe（0.82）没有太大区别。虽然由于技术和仪器的限制，Kunitomo的黑子面积比Schwabe确定的要大得多，但Kunitomo至少捕捉到了太阳活动周期8早期黑子活动的增长趋势。我们还确定了太阳自转轴，以估计Kunitomo图纸中太阳黑子群的准确位置（纬度和经度）。
英文摘要：
We revisit the sunspot drawings made by the Japanese astronomer Kunitomo Toubei during 1835-1836 and recount the sunspot group number for each image. There are two series of drawings, preliminary (P, containing 17 days with observations) and summary (S, covering 156 days with observations), all made using brush and ink. S is a compilation of drawings for the period from February 1835, to March 1836. Presently, the P drawings are available only for one month, September 1835; those of other periods have presumably been lost. Another drawing (I) lets us recover the raw group count (RGC) for 25 September 1836, on which the RGC has not been registered in the existing catalogs. We also revise the RGCs from P and S using the Zurich classification and determine that Kunitomo's results tend to yield smaller RGCs than those of other contemporary observers. In addition, we find that Kunitomo's RGCs and spot areas have a correlation (0.71) that is not very different from the contemporary observer Schwabe (0.82). Although Kunitomo's spot areas are much larger than those determined by Schwabe due to skill and instrument limitations, Kunitomo at least captured the growing trend of the spot activity in the early phase of the Solar Cycle 8. We also determine the solar rotation axis to estimate the accurate position (latitude and longitude) of the sunspot groups in Kunitomo's drawings.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
