7世纪70年代盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史中的天体标志：对当代太阳活动的见解
The Celestial Sign in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 770s: Insights on Contemporary Solar Activity
摘要：
774/775年的异常放射性碳浓度引起了人们对其起源的激烈讨论，包括可能的极端太阳事件，超过了观测历史上的任何事件。由于预见到这种极端的太阳事件，历史文献中也对极光记录进行了调查，包括盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史（ASC）中日落后的红色天体标志在内的极光记录也受到了考虑。Usoskin等人（2013：U13）将这一记录解释为极光，并建议在774/775附近增强太阳活动。与此相反，诺伊豪泽和诺伊豪泽（Neuhauser，2015 b：N15 a and N15 b）将“日落后”解释为日落或黄昏时;他们认为这是一个光环显示，并建议太阳极小期在774年左右。然而，到目前为止，这些记录还没有与已知极端空间天气事件期间目击者的极光记录进行比较，尽管它们与774/775年潜在极端事件的关系进行了讨论。因此，我们重建的观测细节的基础上的原始记录在ASC和文献参考，比较它们与目击者极光观测在已知的极端空间天气事件，并考虑当代太阳活动。我们澄清观察确实是“日落之后”，拒绝日晕假设，定义观察时间跨度为775年3月25日至777年12月25日，并注意到N15 b所示ASC中806处的平行晕绘制不是基于英国的原始观测。我们展示了在已知的空间天气事件中，在黄昏期间目击极光观测的例子，这个天体标志并不与观测证据相矛盾。因此，我们认为这一事件发生在774/775年事件开始之后，但显示出相对增强的太阳活动，其他历史极光记录在7世纪70年代中期，这也得到了冰芯Be数据的证实。
英文摘要：
The anomalous concentration of radiocarbon in 774/775 attracted intense discussion on its origin, including the possible extreme solar event(s) exceeding any events in observational history. Anticipating such extreme solar events, auroral records were also surveyed in historical documents and those including the red celestial sign after sunset in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC) were subjected to consideration. Usoskin et al. (2013: U13) interpreted this record as an aurora and suggested enhanced solar activity around 774/775. Conversely, Neuhauser and Neuhauser (2015a, 2015b: N15a and N15b) interpreted "after sunset" as during sunset or twilight; they considered this sign as a halo display and suggested a solar minimum around 774. However, so far these records have not been discussed in comparison with eyewitness auroral records during the known extreme space-weather events, although they were discussed in relationship with potential extreme events in 774/775. Therefore, we reconstruct the observational details based on the original records in the ASC and philological references, compare them with eyewitness auroral observations during known extreme space-weather events, and consider contemporary solar activity. We clarify the observation was indeed "after sunset", reject the solar halo hypothesis, define the observational time span between 25 Mar. 775 and 25 Dec. 777, and note the parallel halo drawing in 806 in the ASC shown in N15b was not based on the original observation in England. We show examples of eyewitness auroral observations during twilight in known space-weather events, and this celestial sign does not contradict the observational evidence. Accordingly, we consider this event happened after the onset of the event in 774/775, but shows relatively enhanced solar activity, with other historical auroral records in the mid-770s, as also confirmed by the Be data from ice cores.
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