慷慨、自私和剥削作为资源共享的最优贪婪策略
Generosity, selfishness and exploitation as optimal greedy strategies for resource sharing
摘要：
亲属关系之外的资源共享是罕见的。除了人类，它也发生在黑猩猩、野狗和鬣狗以及吸血蝙蝠身上。资源共享是动物合作的一个例子，动物为了接受者的利益而放弃它拥有的部分资源。从吸血蝙蝠的血液共享中获得灵感，这里展示了马尔可夫博弈中慷慨的出现，该博弈将两个玩家之间的资源共享与该资源的收集任务相结合。与经典的合作进化模型不同，这个游戏的最佳策略可以在动物的一生中潜在地学习。参与者的行为是贪婪的，也就是说，他们试图单独最大化他们的个人收入。尽管如此，模型的解析解表明，三个非平凡的最佳行为出现取决于条件。除了明显的情况下，当球员是自私的，在他们的资源分配的选择，有条件下，双方球员都是慷慨的。此外，我们还发现了一系列的情况下，一个自私的球员利用另一个慷慨的人，为双方的满意度。我们的研究结果表明，资源共享是有利的三个因素：一个很长的时间跨度，玩家试图优化自己的游戏，玩家之间的相似性，在他们的能力，执行资源收集任务，以及在环境中的资源的可用性。这些共同的要求导致确定慷慨出现的必要条件。
英文摘要：
Resource sharing outside the kinship bonds is rare. Besides humans, it occurs in chimpanzee, wild dogs and hyenas as well as in vampire bats. Resource sharing is an instance of animal cooperation, where an animal gives away part of the resources that it owns for the benefit of a recipient. Taking inspiration from blood-sharing in vampire bats, here show the emergence of generosity in a Markov game, which couples the resource sharing between two players with the gathering task of that resource. At variance with the classical evolutionary models for cooperation, the optimal strategies of this game can be potentially learned by animals during their life-time. The players act greedily, that is, they try to individually maximize only their personal income. Nonetheless, the analytical solution of the model shows that three non trivial optimal behaviours emerge depending on conditions. Besides the obvious case when players are selfish in their choice of resource division, there are conditions under which both players are generous. Moreover, we also found a range of situations in which one selfish player exploits another generous individual, for the satisfaction of both players. Our results show that resource sharing is favoured by three factors: a long time horizon over which the players try to optimize their own game, the similarity among players in their ability of performing the resource-gathering task, as well as by the availability of resources in the environment. These concurrent requirements lead to identify necessary conditions for the emergence of generosity.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
