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arXiv 1902.06219cond-mat.softcond-mat.stat-mechphysics.app-phphysics.chem-phphysics.flu-dyn
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渗透,从分子洞察到大规模应用

Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications

Sophie Marbach, Lyderic Bocquet

摘要:

渗透是一种普遍现象,发生在各种各样的过程和领域。它是熵力的原型,它的基本表述--范特霍夫完美气体定律--微不足道,但它的物理根源却非常微妙。虽然渗透与跨膜运输密切相关,但它也表现为界面运输现象:所谓的扩散-渗透和-电泳,其后果目前正在积极探索,例如用于操纵胶体悬浮液或开发活跃的胶体游泳者。在这里,我们给出了一个全球性的和统一的观点渗透现象及其后果与多学科的角度来看。推动渗透的基本理解允许提出新的观点,为不同的领域,我们强调了一些例子,沿着这些路线,例如引入渗透二极管,主动分离和远离平衡渗透的概念,进而提出分离热力学中的基本问题。渗透作用的应用显然也是相当可观的,并且跨越非常不同的领域。在这里,我们讨论的现象和应用的选择,渗透显示出巨大的承诺:渗透现象在膜科学(特别是由于新纳米材料的出现,最近在分离、脱盐、反渗透水净化方面取得了进展);在生物学和健康方面的应用(特别是讨论肾脏过滤过程);渗透和能量收集(特别是渗透力和蓝色能量以及电容混合);在去污和清洁中的应用,以及用于多孔介质中的油回收。

英文摘要:

Osmosis is a universal phenomenon occurring in a broad variety of processes and fields. It is the archetype of entropic forces, both trivial in its fundamental expression - the van 't Hoff perfect gas law - and highly subtle in its physical roots. While osmosis is intimately linked with transport across membranes, it also manifests itself as an interfacial transport phenomenon: the so-called diffusio-osmosis and -phoresis, whose consequences are presently actively explored for example for the manipulation of colloidal suspensions or the development of active colloidal swimmers. Here we give a global and unifying view of the phenomenon of osmosis and its consequences with a multi-disciplinary perspective. Pushing the fundamental understanding of osmosis allows to propose new perspectives for different fields and we highlight a number of examples along these lines, for example introducing the concepts of osmotic diodes, active separation and far from equilibrium osmosis, raising in turn fundamental questions in the thermodynamics of separation. The applications of osmosis are also obviously considerable and span very diverse fields. Here we discuss a selection of phenomena and applications where osmosis shows great promises: osmotic phenomena in membrane science (with recent developments in separation, desalination, reverse osmosis for water purification thanks in particular to the emergence of new nanomaterials); applications in biology and health (in particular discussing the kidney filtration process); osmosis and energy harvesting (in particular, osmotic power and blue energy as well as capacitive mixing); applications in detergency and cleaning, as well as for oil recovery in porous media.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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