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arXiv 1902.06018astro-ph.EP
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Kepler-1625的Kepler和Hubble组合数据中exomoon候选信号的另一种解释

An alternative interpretation of the exomoon candidate signal in the combined Kepler and Hubble data of Kepler-1625

René Heller, Kai Rodenbeck, Giovanni Bruno

摘要:

开普勒和哈勃测光总共有四个凌日的开普勒-1625 b最近被解释为海王星大小的系外卫星的证据。这第一个可能的外卫星探测的深刻影响和拟议中的月球的物理奇怪性,即它的巨大半径促使我们重新检查数据和用于探测的贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)。我们结合开普勒数据与以前公布的哈勃光变曲线。在另一种方法中,我们执行同步多项式去趋势和拟合的开普勒数据结合我们自己的提取哈勃测光。我们使用仅行星模型和行星-月球模型生成了500万个MCMC实现的数据,并分别计算了最有可能的模型之间的BIC差异(DeltaBIC)。DeltaBIC值为-44.5(使用先前公布的哈勃数据)和-31.0(使用我们自己的去趋势),强烈支持外卫星的解释。然而,我们的大多数轨道实现与最佳拟合解有很大不同,这表明最能描述数据的似然函数是非高斯的。我们测量到开普勒-1625b在3 sigma水平上的哈勃凌日提前73.7分钟到达,这可能是由于第一次开普勒凌日附近的1天数据间隙,恒星活动或未知的系统学造成的。一颗可能看不见的热木星的径向速度振幅可能会导致开普勒1625 b的凌日时间变化,大约为100米/秒。虽然我们发现了与先前提出的行星-月球模型类似的解决方案,但仔细考虑其统计证据,我们相信这不是一个安全的系外卫星探测。开普勒/哈勃数据中未知的系统误差使得DeltaBIC成为开普勒-1625 b周围外卫星搜索的不可靠度量,允许对信号进行其他解释。

英文摘要:

Kepler and Hubble photometry of a total of four transits by the Jupiter-sized Kepler-1625b have recently been interpreted to show evidence of a Neptune-sized exomoon. The profound implications of this first possible exomoon detection and the physical oddity of the proposed moon, that is, its giant radius prompt us to re-examine the data and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) used for detection. We combine the Kepler data with the previously published Hubble light curve. In an alternative approach, we perform a synchronous polynomial detrending and fitting of the Kepler data combined with our own extraction of the Hubble photometry. We generate five million MCMC realizations of the data with both a planet-only model and a planet-moon model and compute the BIC difference (DeltaBIC) between the most likely models, respectively. DeltaBIC values of -44.5 (using previously published Hubble data) and -31.0 (using our own detrending) yield strongly support the exomoon interpretation. Most of our orbital realizations, however, are very different from the best-fit solutions, suggesting that the likelihood function that best describes the data is non-Gaussian. We measure a 73.7min early arrival of Kepler-1625b for its Hubble transit at the 3 sigma level, possibly caused by a 1 day data gap near the first Kepler transit, stellar activity, or unknown systematics. The radial velocity amplitude of a possible unseen hot Jupiter causing Kepler-1625b's transit timing variation could be some 100m/s. Although we find a similar solution to the planet-moon model as previously proposed, careful consideration of its statistical evidence leads us to believe that this is not a secure exomoon detection. Unknown systematic errors in the Kepler/Hubble data make the DeltaBIC an unreliable metric for an exomoon search around Kepler-1625b, allowing for alternative interpretations of the signal.

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