利用水蒸汽推进行星际航天器
Propelling Interplanetary Spacecraft Utilizing Water-Steam
摘要：
水已被确定为维持人类生命的关键资源，而且还用于推进、姿态控制、动力、热和辐射防护系统。水可以通过人类或机器人太空探索过程中的原位资源利用（ISRU）获得，以取代否则将从地球运送的材料。空间界的许多人都强调水是负担得起/可持续探索的可靠解决方案。水可以从月球、C级近地天体、火星和火星卫星火卫一和火卫二的表面以及海洋世界的冰冷崎岖地形的表面提取。然而，用水推进面临着一些重要的技术障碍。使用水作为推进剂的技术是将其电解成氢气和氧气，然后脉冲引爆。高效电解需要使用基于铂催化剂的燃料电池。即使是在行星上发现的微量元素硫和一氧化碳也会毒害这些细胞，使它们无法使用。在这项工作中，我们开发了基于蒸汽的推进，避免了电解不纯净水作为推进剂的技术障碍。使用太阳能集中器，热量用于提取水，然后将其冷凝为液体并储存。然后，利用太阳能热反射器将光聚集成纳米颗粒-水的混合物，形成蒸汽。这种太阳能加热（STH）过程将80%至99%的入射光转化为热量。
英文摘要：
Water has been identified as a critical resource both to sustain human-life but also for use in propulsion, attitude-control, power, thermal and radiation pro-tection systems. Water may be obtained off-world through In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) in the course of human or robotic space exploration that replace materials that would otherwise be shipped from Earth. Water has been highlighted by many in the space community as a credible solution for affordable/sustainable exploration. Water can be extracted from the Moon, C-class Near Earth Objects (NEOs), surface of Mars and Martian Moons Pho-bos and Deimos and from the surface of icy, rugged terrains of Ocean Worlds. However, use of water for propulsion faces some important techno-logical barriers. A technique to use water as a propellant is to electrolyze it into hydrogen and oxygen that is then pulse-detonated. High-efficiency elec-trolysis requires use of platinum-catalyst based fuel cells. Even trace ele-ments of sulfur and carbon monoxide found on planetary bodies can poison these cells making them unusable. In this work, we develop steam-based propulsion that avoids the technological barriers of electrolyzing impure water as propellant. Using a solar concentrator, heat is used to extract the water which is then condensed as a liquid and stored. Steam is then formed using the solar thermal reflectors to concentrate the light into a nanoparticle-water mix. This solar thermal heating (STH) process converts 80 to 99% of the in-coming light into heat.
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