X射线相位衬度成像的基本原理和发展设想
Tutorials on X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging: Some Fundamentals and Some Conjectures on Future Developments
摘要：
这些教程介绍了相干X射线成像的一些基础知识，重点是相位对比。我们认为传输的强度方程，作为一个特定的方法，在许多X射线相衬成像，传递到相位恢复的逆问题之前。这些想法被应用到二维和三维传播为基础的相衬成像使用相干X射线。然后，我们考虑部分相干的作用，并勾勒出一个通用的手段，部分相干的X射线成像的情况下，可以建模，使用空间频率描述的部分相干。除了涵盖在理论和实践中的基本概念，我们还给出了在X射线相衬成像，包括X射线断层扫描，和不同的相衬成像方法的比较的未来趋势的意见。这些教程将访问那些在光学（例如波动方程，麦克斯韦方程，菲涅耳和夫琅和费衍射，傅立叶和矢量分析的基础知识）和X射线与物质的相互作用（例如衰减机制和复折射率）的基本背景。
英文摘要：
These tutorials introduce some basics of imaging with coherent X-rays, focusing on phase contrast. We consider the transport-of-intensity equation, as one particular method for X-ray phase contrast imaging among many, before passing on to the inverse problem of phase retrieval. These ideas are applied to two-dimensional and three-dimensional propagation-based phase-contrast imaging using coherent X-rays. We then consider the role of partial coherence, and sketch a generic means by which partially coherent X-ray imaging scenarios may be modelled, using the space-frequency description of partial coherence. Besides covering fundamental concepts in both theory and practice, we also give opinions on future trends in X-ray phase contrast imaging including X-ray tomography, and comparison of different phase contrast imaging methods. These tutorials will be accessible to those with a basic background in optics (e.g. wave equation, Maxwell equations, Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, and the basics of Fourier and vector analysis) and interactions of X-rays with matter (e.g. attenuation mechanisms and complex refractive index).
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