宇宙时间中超大质量黑洞的普遍性
On the Prevalence of Super-Massive Black Holes over Cosmic Time
摘要：
研究了原始星系晕中超大质量黑洞种子的丰度。我们探讨的假设，暗物质晕超过临界晕质量M_c有一定的概率p已经产生了SMBH种子。目前对本地中等质量星系的观测限制了这些参数：对于$M_c=10^{11}M_\odot$，所有的晕都必须被播种，但是当采用较小的M_c质量时，播种的效率要低得多。这些限制也降低了局域和高红移宇宙中黑洞的数量密度。z~6类星体的空间密度取决于它们的典型晕质量，而晕质量可以通过计算附近的Lyman Break Galvanes和Lyman Alpha Emitter来限制。对于这两个观测值，我们的模拟表明，单场预测太多样化，使明确的声明，在文献中的混合索赔协议。如果类星体不局限于最大质量的宿主晕，它们可能只占SMBH总体的一小部分（约10^-5）。最后，我们从SMBH合并产生了广泛的引力事件的预测。我们定义了一个新的LISA诊断图来测量SMBH空间密度和晕并与黑洞并合之间的典型延迟。虽然以前的工作已经探讨了具体的情况下，我们的结果保持独立的种子机制，种子质量，遮蔽，加油方法和占空比。
英文摘要：
We investigate the abundance of Super-Massive Black Hole (SMBH) seeds in primordial galaxy halos. We explore the assumption that dark matter halos outgrowing a critical halo mass M_c have some probability p of having spawned a SMBH seed. Current observations of local, intermediate-mass galaxies constrain these parameters: For $M_c=10^{11}M_\odot$, all halos must be seeded, but when adopting smaller M_c masses the seeding can be much less efficient. The constraints also put lower limits on the number density of black holes in the local and high-redshift Universe. Reproducing z~6 quasar space densities depends on their typical halo mass, which can be constrained by counting nearby Lyman Break Galaxies and Lyman Alpha Emitters. For both observables, our simulations demonstrate that single-field predictions are too diverse to make definitive statements, in agreement with mixed claims in the literature. If quasars are not limited to the most massive host halos, they may represent a tiny fraction (~10^-5) of the SMBH population. Finally, we produce a wide range of predictions for gravitational events from SMBH mergers. We define a new diagnostic diagram for LISA to measure both SMBH space density and the typical delay between halo merger and black hole merger. While previous works have explored specific scenarios, our results hold independent of the seed mechanism, seed mass, obscuration, fueling methods and duty cycle.
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