生物学中的热力学驱动组装和液-液相分离
Thermodynamically Driven Assemblies and Liquid-liquid Phase Separations in Biology
摘要：
生命的维持取决于在不同层次的生物体中普遍存在的高度组织化，从生物分子复合体和细胞器等亚细胞结构到组织和器官。这种组织的物理起源尚未完全理解，尽管很明显细胞和生物体在不消耗能量的情况下无法保持其完整性，但越来越多的证据表明，由于分子间相互作用和浓度等热力学变量的变化，个体组装过程可以被热力学驱动并自发发生。理解相分离\emph{in vivo}需要多学科的方法，将相分离的理论和物理学与实验和计算技术相结合。本文的目的是提供一个简要的概述相分离的物理学和它的生物学意义，特别关注无膜细胞器的组装。我们讨论了相分离的基本物理原理，从热力学到动力学。我们还概述了用于无膜细胞器相分离的实验验证和表征的各种方法，以及植根于热力学和统计物理学的分子模拟在理解化学驱动的生物自组装过程的指导原则中的效用。
英文摘要：
The sustenance of life depends on the high degree of organization that prevails through different levels of living organisms, from subcellular structures such as biomolecular complexes and organelles to tissues and organs. The physical origin of such organization is not fully understood, and even though it is clear that cells and organisms cannot maintain their integrity without consuming energy, there is growing evidence that individual assembly processes can be thermodynamically driven and occur spontaneously due to changes in thermodynamic variables such as intermolecular interactions and concentration. Understanding the phase separation \emph{in vivo} requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating the theory and physics of phase separation with experimental and computational techniques. This paper aims at providing a brief overview of the physics of phase separation and its biological implications, with a particular focus on the assembly of membraneless organelles. We discuss the underlying physical principles of phase separation from its thermodynamics to its kinetics. We also overview the wide range of methods utilized for experimental verification and characterization of phase separation of membraneless organelles, as well as the utility of molecular simulations rooted in thermodynamics and statistical physics in understanding the governing principles of thermodynamically driven biological self-assembly processes.
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