基于区块链的智能电网储能单元充电协调机制
Blockchain-based Charging Coordination Mechanism for Smart Grid Energy Storage Units
摘要：
储能单元（ESU）可以实现现代智能电网的几个有吸引力的功能，例如增强电网弹性，有效的需求响应和减少账单。然而，ESU的不协调充电会给电力系统带来压力，并可能导致停电。另一方面，现有的充电协调机制受到若干限制。首先，对中央计费协调器（CC）的需要呈现了危及计费协调的有效性的单点故障。第二，不存在透明的计费协调机制，其中用户不知道CC在以公平的方式协调它们之间的计费请求时是否诚实。第三，现有机制忽视了有关客户的隐私问题。为了解决这些局限性，在本文中，我们利用区块链和智能合约来构建一个分散的充电协调机制，而不需要集中的充电协调器。首先，ESU应该使用令牌来匿名向区块链验证自己。然后，每个ESU向区块链上的智能合约地址发送一个包含其充电状态（SoC）、充电完成时间（TCC）和所需充电量的充电请求。然后，智能合约将以自执行的方式运行计费协调机制，使得具有最高优先级的ESU在当前时隙中被计费，而较低优先级ESU的计费请求被推迟到未来时隙。通过这种方式，每个ESU都可以确保正确计算充电计划。最后，我们在以太坊测试平台区块链上实现了所提出的机制，我们的分析表明，在气体消耗方面，执行成本是可以接受的，同时实现了分散的收费协调，提高了透明度，可靠性和隐私保护。
英文摘要：
Energy storage units (ESUs) enable several attractive features of modern smart grids such as enhanced grid resilience, effective demand response, and reduced bills. However, uncoordinated charging of ESUs stresses the power system and can lead to a blackout. On the other hand, existing charging coordination mechanisms suffer from several limitations. First, the need for a central charging coordinator (CC) presents a single point of failure that jeopardizes the effectiveness of the charging coordination. Second, a transparent charging coordination mechanism does not exist where users are not aware whether the CC is honest or not in coordination charging requests among them in a fair way. Third, existing mechanisms overlook the privacy concerns of the involved customers. To address these limitations, in this paper, we leverage the blockchain and smart contracts to build a decentralized charging coordination mechanism without the need for a centralized charging coordinator. First ESUs should use tokens for anonymously authenticate themselves to the blockchain. Then each ESU sends a charging request that contains its State-of-Charge (SoC), Time-to-complete-charge (TCC) and amount of required charging to the smart contract address on the blockchain. The smart contract will then run the charging coordination mechanism in a self-executed manner such that ESUs with the highest priorities are charged in the present time slot while charging requests of lower priority ESUs are deferred to future time slots. In this way, each ESU can make sure that charging schedules are computed correctly. Finally, we have implemented the proposed mechanism on the Ethereum test-bed blockchain, and our analysis shows that execution cost can be acceptable in terms of gas consumption while enabling decentralized charging coordination with increased transparency, reliability, and privacy preserving.
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