恒星中的轻化学元素:奥秘与未解问题
Light chemical elements in stars: mysteries and unsolved problems
摘要:
讨论了周期表的前八个元素:H、He、Li、Be、B、C、N和O。由于它们在恒星演化中的重要作用,它们被称为关键元素。值得注意的是,它们都是在大爆炸中最初合成的。本文介绍了用大爆炸标准模型计算的这些元素的原始丰度。我们注意到,SMBB与氢和氦的同位素D、3He和4He的原始丰度观测值之间的一致性很好,但SMBB与星系晕中的老恒星观测值之间的锂(同位素7Li)差异约为0.5 dex,尚未得到解释。恒星大气中轻元素的丰度取决于恒星的自转初速度,因此研究了年轻主序星的典型自转速度。由于恒星中轻元素丰度的数据非常广泛,本文的主要重点是几个尚未解决的问题。
英文摘要:
The first eight elements of the periodic table are discussed: H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O. They are referred to as key elements, given their important role in stellar evolution. It is noteworthy that all of them were initially synthesized in the Big Bang. The primordial abundances of these elements calculated using the Standard Model of the Big Bang (SMBB) are presented in this review. The good agreement between the SMBB and observations of the primordial abundances of the isotopes of hydrogen and helium, D, 3He, and 4He, is noted, but there is a difference of ~0.5 dex for lithium (the isotope 7Li) between the SMBB and observations of old stars in the galactic halo that has not yet been explained. The abundances of light elements in stellar atmospheres depends on the initial rotation velocity, so the typical rotation velocities of young Main Sequence (MS) stars are examined. Since the data on the adundances of light elements in stars are very extensive, the main emphasis in this review is on several unsolved problems.
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