We propose a new approach to Bayesian prior probability distributions (priors) that can improve orbital solutions for low-phase-coverage orbits, where data cover less than approximately 40% of an orbit. In instances of low phase coverage such as with stellar orbits in the Galactic center or with directly-imaged exoplanets, data have low constraining power and thus priors can bias parameter estimates and produce under-estimated confidence intervals. Uniform priors, which are commonly assumed in orbit fitting, are notorious for this. We propose a new observable-based prior paradigm that is based on uniformity in observables. We compare performance of this observable-based prior and of commonly assumed uniform priors using Galactic center and directly-imaged exoplanet (HR 8799) data. The observable-based prior can reduce biases in model parameters by a factor of two and helps avoid under-estimation of confidence intervals for simulations with less than about 40% phase coverage. Above this threshold, orbital solutions for objects with sufficient phase coverage such as S0-2, a short-period star at the Galactic center with full phase coverage, are consistent with previously published results. Below this threshold, the observable-based prior limits prior influence in regions of prior dominance and increases data influence. Using the observable-based prior, HR 8799 orbital analyses favor lower eccentricity orbits and provide stronger evidence that the four planets have a consistent inclination around 30 degrees to within 1-sigma. This analysis also allows for the possibility of coplanarity. We present metrics to quantify improvements in orbital estimates with different priors so that observable-based prior frameworks can be tested and implemented for other low-phase-coverage orbits.
Singles in Disguise: Kepler's Low-SNR Single-Transiting Systems as Incompletely Detected Multis
Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所);Southwest Research Institute(西南研究所);Department of Astronomy, Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学天文学系);Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory(史密森尼天体物理观测台小行星中心);Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院物理学系)
Improving Exoplanet Detection Power: Multivariate Gaussian Process Models for Stellar Activity
径向速度法是探测系外行星最成功的方法之一。它的工作原理是检测由轨道行星的引力效应引起的宿主恒星的速度,特别是沿着我们视线的速度,这被称为恒星的径向速度。低质量行星通常会导致其主星以1米/秒或更小的径向速度移动。通过分析主星的恒星光谱时间序列,现代天文仪器理论上可以检测到这样的行星。然而,在实践中,内在的恒星变化(例如,星点、对流运动、脉动)影响光谱并且经常模仿径向速度信号。这种信号污染使得很难可靠地探测到低质量行星。Rajpaul et al.(2015)提出了一种在恒星活动存在的情况下恢复行星径向速度信号的原则性方法。它使用多变量高斯过程模型来联合捕获视径向速度的时间序列和恒星活动的多个指标。我们以两种方式建立这项工作:(i)我们建议使用降维技术来构建新的高信息恒星活动指标;(ii)我们将Rajpaul et al.(2015)模型扩展到更大的一类模型,并使用基于幂的模型比较程序来选择最佳模型。尽管对系外行星有很大的兴趣,但以前的努力并没有进行大规模的恒星活动模型选择,也没有尝试基于行星探测能力来评估模型。在主序星G2 V的情况下,我们发现,我们的方法大大提高了行星检测能力相比,以前的国家的最先进的方法。
Improving Earth-like planet detection in radial velocity using deep learning
University of Geneva(日内瓦大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学);University of St Andrews(圣安德鲁斯大学);Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian(哈佛-史密森天体物理中心);INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino(意大利国家天体物理研究所都灵天文台);Fundación Galileo Galilei - INAF(伽利略·伽利莱基金会 - 意大利国家天体物理研究所)
Improving exoplanet mass characterisation with Bayesian model selection using the Learned Harmonic Mean Estimator
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space & Climate Physics, University College London(伦敦大学学院穆拉德空间科学实验室空间与气候物理系);Department of Statistical Science, University College London(伦敦大学学院统计科学系)
The influence of planetary engulfment on stellar rotation in metal-poor main-sequence stars
陀螺年代学的方法将恒星的年龄与自转周期联系起来。然而,最近的证据偏离gyrochronology关系的文献报道。在这里,我们研究恒星和它的伴星之间的潮汐相互作用对恒星自转速度的影响,以解释奇特的恒星自转速度。一颗恒星和它的行星的相互作用是使用一个全面的数值框架,结合潮汐摩擦,磁制动,行星迁移,和详细的恒星演化模型从GARSTEC网格。我们专注于近距离的同伴从1至20 M $_{Jup}$轨道低质量,0.8和1 M $_{\odot}$,主序星具有广泛的金属量范围从[Fe/H] = -1太阳。我们的模拟表明,恒星与其伴星之间的动力学相互作用可能会产生不同的结果,这取决于初始半长轴和行星的质量,以及其宿主恒星的质量和金属丰度。在大多数情况下,特别是在行星被吞没的情况下,我们发现恒星的自转速度从1公里$^{-1}$增加到40公里以上$^{-1}$,而恒星仍然在主序星上。我们的模型的主要预测是,低质量的主序恒星与异常的旋转速度应该是更常见的低金属丰度,因为较低的[Fe/H]有利于更快的行星吞没,在大质量行星的发生率接近是在所有的金属丰度相似。我们的方案解释了特殊的旋转速度的低质量主序星的恒星和它的同伴之间的潮汐相互作用。目前的观测样本太小且不完整,因此不允许我们测试我们的模型。