恒星活动是使用RV技术探测地球孪星的主要限制。尽管许多努力试图使用经验和统计技术来减轻恒星活动的影响,但似乎我们正面临着一个使用现有技术极难克服的障碍。在本文中,我们研究了一种新的方法来获得精确的RV考虑到丰富的信息存在于高分辨率光谱。这种新的方法包括从所有的观测建立一个主光谱,并测量光谱中每条谱线相对于它的RV。当分析多个光谱时,最终产品是每条谱线作为时间函数的RV。我们证明了三颗星密集观察HARPS,我们的新方法给出的RV是非常相似的HARPS数据简化软件。我们的新方法来获得RV表明,每日HARPS波长解决方案的不稳定性引起夜间RV偏移的标准偏差为0.4米/秒,我们提出了一个解决方案来纠正这个系统。最后,这可能是最天体物理相关的结果,本文中,我们证明了一些谱线强烈的恒星活动的影响,而其他人没有。通过测量两个精心选择的谱线子样本上的RV,我们证明我们可以将2010年Alpha Cen B RV中恒星活动引起的红噪声提高2倍或减轻1.6倍。通过测量每条谱线的RV,我们能够达到与其他批准技术相同的RV精度。此外,这种新方法可以证明每条线都受到恒星活动的不同影响。初步结果表明,详细研究每条谱线的行为可能是克服恒星活动的关键。
英文摘要:
Stellar activity is the main limitation to the detection of Earth-twins using the RV technique. Despite many efforts in trying to mitigate the effect of stellar activity using empirical and statistical techniques, it seems that we are facing an obstacle that will be extremely difficult to overcome using current techniques. In this paper, we investigate a novel approach to derive precise RVs considering the wealth of information present in high-resolution spectra. This new method consists in building a master spectrum from all observations and measure the RVs of each spectral line in a spectrum relative to it. When analysing several spectra, the final product is the RVs of each line as a function of time. We demonstrate on three stars intensively observed with HARPS that our new method gives RVs that are extremely similar to the ones derived from the HARPS data reduction software. Our new approach to derive RVs demonstrates that the non-stability of daily HARPS wavelength solution induces night-to-night RV offsets with an standard deviation of 0.4 m/s, and we propose a solution to correct for this systematic. Finally, and this is probably the most astrophysically relevant result of this paper, we demonstrate that some spectral lines are strongly affected by stellar activity while others are not. By measuring the RVs on two carefully selected subsample of spectral lines, we demonstrate that we can boost by a factor of 2 or mitigate by a factor of 1.6 the red noise induced by stellar activity in the 2010 RVs of Alpha Cen B. By measuring the RVs of each spectral line, we are able to reach the same RV precision as other approved techniques. In addition, this new approach allows to demonstrate that each line is differently affected by stellar activity. Preliminary results show that studying in details the behaviour of each spectral line is probably the key to overcome stellar activity.
Towards Extremely Precise Radial Velocities: I. Simulated Solar Spectra for Testing Exoplanet Detection Algorithms
最近和即将推出的稳定光谱仪正在推动多普勒光谱学的前沿,以检测和表征低质量行星。这些仪器的规格是如此令人印象深刻,以至于恒星的固有变化预计会限制它们对大多数目标恒星的多普勒精度(Fischer et al. 2016)。为了充分发挥它们的潜力,天文学家必须开发新的策略来区分真实的多普勒频移和恒星的内在变化。由于恒星黑子、光斑和其他与旋转相关的变化,恒星的变化特别令人担忧,因为恒星的旋转周期通常包括在潜在的行星轨道周期范围内。为了通过多普勒行星调查稳健地探测和准确地描述低质量行星的特征,系外行星界必须开发能够联合建模行星扰动和恒星固有变化的统计模型。为了实现这一目标,本文介绍了用SOAP 2.0(arXiv:1409.3594)创建的极高分辨率的太阳光谱的模拟,其中包括多个不断变化的恒星斑点。我们预计这组数据将有助于未来的研究开发,测试和比较统计方法测量物理径向速度之间的污染恒星的变化。
Accurate stellar rotational velocities using the Fourier transform of the cross correlation maximum
我们提出了一种测量投影旋转速度$v sin i$的方法,即使在光谱混合线高精度。虽然不是自动的,但我们的方法被设计成系统地应用于大量的对象,而无需过多的计算要求。我们计算了目标光谱对零旋转模板的互相关联函数(CCF),并使用CCF中心极大值的傅里叶变换(FT)来测量参数$v sin i$,考虑到临边暗化效应及其波长依赖性。该程序还改进了CCF基线的定义,导致即使对于$vsin i$ = 280 km/s,与连续体位置相关的误差也在1%以下。对F型星的高分辨率光谱的测试表明,即使对于大多数谱线混合的光谱,也可以达到远低于1%的精度。我们用这种方法测量了251颗A型星的$v sin i$。对于$vsin i$大于30 km/s(2-3倍于我们的光谱分辨率)的恒星,我们的测量误差低于2.5%,典型值为1%。我们将我们的结果与Royer等人(2002 a)使用155颗共同恒星的结果进行比较,发现快速旋转恒星的系统差异约为5%。