老年恒星星族距离指标
Old-Aged Stellar Population Distance Indicators
摘要：
古老的恒星距离指示器存在于所有的银河系结构（晕，凸起，盘）和所有哈勃类型的星系中，因此，是理解我们宇宙的非常强大的工具。在这里，我们提出了一个全面的审查三个主要的标准蜡烛从人口II：（i）RR天琴座型变量（RRL），（ii）II型造父变星（T2C），（iii）的尖端红巨星分支（TRGB）。这些距离指标的发现和使用被置于历史背景中，然后描述其理论基础并展示其在多个波长上的观测应用。描述了建立每一标准烛光绝对刻度的方法，并讨论了观测系统学。最后，我们期待着在未来十年内预期的一套新的观测设施，这些都有一个更广泛的波长覆盖范围和更大的孔径比目前的设施。我们预计未来的进步，我们的理论理解和观测应用这些恒星星族，因为它们适用于银河系和河外距离尺度。
英文摘要：
Old-aged stellar distance indicators are present in all Galactic structures (halo, bulge, disk) and in galaxies of all Hubble types and, thus, are immensely powerful tools for understanding our Universe. Here we present a comprehensive review for three primary standard candles from Population II: (i) RR Lyrae type variables (RRL), (ii) type II Cepheid variables (T2C), and (iii) the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB). The discovery and use of these distance indicators is placed in historical context before describing their theoretical foundations and demonstrating their observational applications across multiple wavelengths. The methods used to establish the absolute scale for each standard candle is described with a discussion of the observational systematics. We conclude by looking forward to the suite of new observational facilities anticipated over the next decade; these have both a broader wavelength coverage and larger apertures than current facilities. We anticipate future advancements in our theoretical understanding and observational application of these stellar populations as they apply to the Galactic and extragalactic distance scale.
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