易于解释的整体流：标准宇宙学模型的持续张力
Easily Interpretable Bulk Flows: Continuing Tension with the Standard Cosmological Model
摘要：
提出了一种改进的最小方差（MV）方法，该方法使用径向特有的速度样本来估计球形体积上的三维速度场的平均值，这导致易于解释的整体流量测量。唯一需要的假设是速度场是无旋的。由此产生的整体流量估计对较小规模的流量特别不敏感。我们还引入了一个新的约束到MV方法，确保批量流量估计是独立的哈勃常数$H_o$的值，这是很重要的本地测量的$H_o$和宇宙背景辐射观测之间的张力。我们将我们的方法应用于\textit{CosmicFlows-3}目录，发现虽然较浅球体的体流与标准宇宙学模型一致，但在半径为$150$ \hmpc \的球形体积中的体流与其期望值之间存在一些张力;我们发现在具有\textit{Planck}参数的标准宇宙学模型中获得大或更大的体流的概率仅为$\sim 2\%$
英文摘要：
We present an improved Minimal Variance (MV) method for using a radial peculiar velocity sample to estimate the average of the three-dimensional velocity field over a spherical volume, which leads to an easily interpretable bulk flow measurement. The only assumption required is that the velocity field is irrotational. The resulting bulk flow estimate is particularly insensitive to smaller scale flows. We also introduce a new constraint into the MV method that ensures that bulk flow estimates are independent of the value of the Hubble constant $H_o$; this is important given the tension between the locally measured $H_o$ and that obtained from the cosmic background radiation observations. We apply our method to the \textit{CosmicFlows-3} catalogue and find that, while the bulk flows for shallower spheres are consistent with the standard cosmological model, there is some tension between the bulk flow in a spherical volume with radius $150$\hmpc\ and its expectations; we find only a $\sim 2\%$ chance of obtaining a bulk flow as large or larger in the standard cosmological model with \textit{Planck} parameters
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