才能和经验塑造了竞争激烈的社会等级
Talent and experience shape competitive social hierarchies
摘要：
社会组织的层级是动物和人类群体普遍存在的属性，与资源分配、集体决策、个人健康甚至社会不稳定有关。实验证据表明，无论是个人的内在能力和社会强化过程的影响层次结构，现有的数学模型，但是，侧重于后者。在这里，我们开发了一个严格的模型，结合了这两个功能，并探讨其协同效应的稳定性和层次结构。对于成对的相互作用，我们表明，有一个权衡关系的稳定性和最有才华的人在最高的排名。将其扩展到开放社会，在那里，个人进入和离开人口，我们表明，重要的社会影响来自人才和社会过程之间的相互作用：（i）尽管人才和排名之间的正相关性，矛盾的是，局部相关性是负的，（ii）个人的去除可以引起一系列的排名逆转。我们发现，后者的机制是去除一个年龄较大的个人有限的人才，谁仍然能够抑制年轻的，更有才华的人的崛起。
英文摘要：
Hierarchy of social organization is a ubiquitous property of animal and human groups, linked to resource allocation, collective decisions, individual health, and even to social instability. Experimental evidence shows that both intrinsic abilities of individuals and social reinforcement processes impact hierarchies; existing mathematical models, however, focus on the latter. Here, we develop a rigorous model that incorporates both features and explore their synergistic effect on stability and the structure of hierarchy. For pairwise interactions, we show that there is a trade-off between relationship stability and having the most talented individuals in the highest ranks. Extending this to open societies, where individuals enter and leave the population, we show that important societal effects arise from the interaction between talent and social processes: (i) despite positive global correlation between talent and rank, paradoxically, local correlation is negative, and (ii) the removal of an individual can induce a series of rank reversals. We show that the mechanism underlying the latter is the removal of an older individual of limited talent, who nonetheless was able to suppress the rise of younger, more talented individuals.
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