The ratio of penumbral to umbral area of sunspots is an important topic for solar and geophysical studies. Hathaway (Solar Physics, 286, 347, 2013) found a curious behaviour in this parameter for small sunspot groups (areas smaller than 100 millionths of solar hemisphere, msh) using records from Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO). Hathaway showed that penumbra-umbra ratio decreased smoothly from more than 7 in 1905 to lower than 3 by 1930 and then increased to almost 8 in 1961. Thus, Hathaway proposed the existence of a secular variation in the penumbra-umbra area ratio. In order to confirm that secular variation, we employ data of the sunspot catalogue published by the Coimbra Astronomical Observatory (COI) for the period 1929-1941. Our results disagree with the penumbra-umbra ratio found by Hathaway for that period. However, the behaviour of this ratio for large (areas greater or equal than 100 msh) and small groups registered in COI during 1929-1941 is similar to data available from RGO for the periods 1874-1914 and 1950-1976. Nevertheless, while the average values and time evolution of the ratio in large groups is similar to the ratio for small groups according to Coimbra data (1929-1941) it is not analogous for RGO data for the same period. We also found that the behaviour of the penumbra-umbra area ratio for smaller groups in both observatories is significantly different. The main difference between the area measurements made in Coimbra and RGO is associated with the umbra measurements. We would like to stress that the two observatories used different methods of observation and while in COI both methodology and instruments did not change during the study period, some changes were carried out in RGO that could have affected measurements of umbra and penumbra. These facts illustrate the importance of the careful recovery of past solar data.
利用\it Hinode上的宽带滤波成像仪(BFI)获得的三个时间序列的蓝色连续图像,分析了日心角从$30^\circ$到$48^\circ$的黑子半影暗条的扭曲运动。研究了扭曲运动与暗条亮度、暗条内位置和半影内位置的关系。只有某些部分的长丝显示出扭转运动。从统计学意义上讲,最靠近本影的长丝扭转部分最亮,扭转运动最快,平均扭转速度为2.1 km s $^{-1}$。灯丝扭曲部分的中间和外部部分(离本影越来越远)亮度较低,其平均速度分别为1.7,km,s $^{-1}$和1.35,km,s $^{-1}$。所观察到的朝向长丝的外部区段的亮度和加捻速度的降低可能是由于减少了沿着长丝的长轴的向上流动。没有显着的变化的扭曲速度作为视角的函数被发现。亮度和速度的相关性表明,翻转对流引起的半影灯丝观察到的扭曲运动,可能是所需的能量的来源,以保持亮度的灯丝。
Precursor of Sunspot Penumbral Formation discovered with Hinode SOT Observations
我们目前的观测的一个间接的签名,这将有助于了解太阳黑子半影的形成过程。日之出太阳光学望远镜成功地捕捉到了一个太阳黑子从小孔到一个大的发育良好的太阳黑子的整个演化过程,其中半影出现在NOAA活动区11039的一个新兴通量区。我们发现在Ca II H图像中,在本影周围形成半影之前,围绕本影(孔)的环形区(宽度为3”-5”)。半影的发展似乎是为了填补环形区。环形带显示弱磁图信号,意味着那里的磁通量较小或磁场高度倾斜。移动预先存在的环境磁场岛,使其分布在环形区的外边缘,并且不进入该区域。在该区域没有强烈的系统性流动模式,但我们偶尔观察到小的磁通量斑块流出。观测结果表明,环形带不同于黑子沟流区,它代表了色球层的结构。我们的结论是,环形带反映了形成的磁冠覆盖在周围的区域在色球水平的本影,在光球水平的半影形成之前。半影的形成过程需要考虑色球层中的磁场结构。
Spectropolarimetry of Sunspot Penumbrae -- A Comprehensive Study of the Evershed Effect Using High Resolution Data from the Space-Borne Solar Observatory HINODE
Rapid Disappearance of Penumbra-Like Features Near a Flaring Polarity Inversion Line: The Hinode Observations
我们观测到耀斑区极性反转线附近的半影状特征。PIL位于活动区的护城河边界(NOAA 10960)。PLFs在形态上与太阳黑子半影相似,但面积较小,约为6 $\times10^{7}$ km $^{2}$,与太阳黑子或太阳黑子孔隙不相关。我们观察到一个C1.7级耀斑后,PLF的快速消失,这发生在PIL附近。这些特征的局部相关跟踪(LCT)显示了远离PLF端点的水平流的存在,类似于在规则太阳黑子周围发现的径向向外流,这也被称为护城河流。在RHESSI观测中发现了与PLF位置一致的硬X射线发射,这表明耀斑的发生与PLF的衰变之间存在空间相关性。由日野分光偏振仪SOT/SP观测得到的耀斑前后的矢量磁场表明,耀斑后磁场的水平分量和垂直分量都发生了显著变化。耀斑间隔中磁场的两个分量的减弱表明,在耀斑间隔期间发生了PLF中磁场的快速消除和/或淹没。
Upper Chromospheric Magnetic Field of a Sunspot Penumbra: Observations of Fine Structure
本文将探讨上色球层黑子半影磁场的精细结构,并与光球层的磁场进行比较。高空间分辨率分光偏振观测是用1.5米的GREGOR望远镜使用GREGOR红外光谱仪(GRIS)记录的。观测到的谱域包括色球上部He I三重态(1083.0 nm)和光球Si I 1082.7 nm和Ca I 1083.3 nm谱线。在Milne-Eddington型大气模型下,通过反演He I三重态得到了色球上层磁场。对Si I 1082.7 nm和Ca I 1083.3 nm谱线进行了与高度相关的反演,得到了光球磁场。我们发现磁场的倾角在光球层和上色球层都表现出方位角方向的变化。色球层的变化与光球场倾角的变化非常吻合,并且与半影光球层中众所周知的脊和脊间结构相似。发现上色球层磁场倾角的典型峰-峰变化为10-15度,即,大约是光球层变化的一半。相反,观测到的半影的磁场强度在上色球层的小空间尺度上并没有表现出变化。由于高空间分辨率的观测可能与格雷戈里望远镜在1.08微米,我们发现,突出的小尺度波动的磁场倾斜,这是一个显着的一部分,太阳黑子半影光球的属性,也坚持在色球层,虽然在有些减少的幅度。这种复杂的磁结构可能会促进半影色球动力学现象,如半影微喷流或瞬态亮点。
KRONOS II: Solar-like Umbra and Penumbra Properties on the Young Sun V1298~Tau
Michigan State University(密歇根州立大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);Vanderbilt University(范德堡大学);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA)(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台)
利用 JWST NIRISS/SOSS 掩星观测年轻行星 V1298 Tau bcd,通过星食事件光谱分析,发现宿主星 V1298~Tau 的黑子具有类似太阳的本影和半影结构,温度分别为 3265-3436 K 和 4388-4659 K,且本影面积占比约 30%。