Causally insufficient structures (models with latent or hidden variables, or with confounding etc.) of joint probability distributions have been subject of intense study not only in statistics, but also in various AI systems. In AI, belief networks, being representations of joint probability distribution with an underlying directed acyclic graph structure, are paid special attention due to the fact that efficient reasoning (uncertainty propagation) methods have been developed for belief network structures. Algorithms have been therefore developed to acquire the belief network structure from data. As artifacts due to variable hiding negatively influence the performance of derived belief networks, models with latent variables have been studied and several algorithms for learning belief network structure under causal insufficiency have also been developed.
Regrettably, some of them are known already to be erroneous (e.g. IC algorithm of [Pearl:Verma:91]. This paper is devoted to another algorithm, the Fast Causal Inference (FCI) Algorithm of [Spirtes:93]. It is proven by a specially constructed example that this algorithm, as it stands in [Spirtes:93], is also erroneous. Fundamental reason for failure of this algorithm is the temporary introduction of non-real links between nodes of the network with the intention of later removal. While for trivial dependency structures these non-real links may be actually removed, this may not be the case for complex ones, e.g. for the case described in this paper. A remedy of this failure is proposed.
King's College London（伦敦国王学院）；Amazon.com, Inc.（亚马逊公司）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）；University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）
Causal Learner: A Toolbox for Causal Structure and Markov Blanket Learning
School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University（安徽大学计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology（合肥工业大学计算机与信息学院）；UniSA STEM, University of South Australia（南澳大学UniSA STEM）
Evaluating Digital Tools for Sustainable Agriculture using Causal Inference
Wageningen University and Research（瓦赫宁根大学及研究中心）；National Observatory of Athens（雅典国家天文台）；Hellenic Agricultural Organization ELGO DIMITRA（希腊农业组织ELGO DIMITRA）
AgentSentry: Mitigating Indirect Prompt Injection in LLM Agents via Temporal Causal Diagnostics and Context Purification
Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University（航空信息安全与可信计算重点实验室、教育部、网络安全科学与工程学院、武汉大学）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY（计算机科学与工程系、布法罗大学、纽约州立大学）；Department of Computer Science, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University（计算机科学系、信息科学与技术学院、济南大学）；College of Cyber Security, Jinan University（网络安全学院、济南大学）
