基于金属针回波响应的松质骨定量超声三维模拟
Three-dimensional Simulation of Quantitative Ultrasound in Cancellous Bone using the Echographic Response of a Metallic Pin
摘要：
退行性椎间盘病是一种常见的病理，可能需要脊柱手术。将金属圆柱形针插入椎体中以保持软组织，并可用作超声波的反射器以估计骨密度。本文的第一个目的是验证一个三维模型，以模拟超声波在骨小梁样本中的传播，其中已插入一个金属针。我们还旨在确定骨体积分数（BV/TV）的变化和定位误差对定量超声（QUS）参数在这个特定的配置的影响。该方法包括耦合有限差分时域模拟与X射线显微计算机断层扫描。实验和模拟的声速（SOS）（分别为宽带超声衰减（BUA））之间的相关系数等于0.90（分别为0.55）。结果显示SOS与BV/TV显著相关（R = 0.82），而BUA值与BV/TV呈非线性关系。为了获得准确的结果，销的方向应控制在1{ \textdegree }左右的精度。结果表明，使用由针反射的超声波具有估计骨密度的潜力。SOS比BUA更可靠，因为它对倾角的敏感度较低。
英文摘要：
Degenerative discopathy is a common pathology which may require spine surgery. A metallic cylindrical pin is inserted into the vertebral body to maintain soft tissues and may be used as a reflector of ultrasonic wave to estimate bone density. The first aim of this paper is to validate a 3D model to simulate the ultrasonic propagation in a trabecular bone sample in which a metallic pin has been inserted. We also aim at determining the effect of changes of bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and of positioning errors on the quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters in this specific configuration. The approach consists in coupling finite difference time domain simulation with X-ray microcomputed tomography. The correlation coefficient between experimental and simulated speed of sound (SOS) (respectively broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA)) was equal to 0.90 (respectively 0.55). The results show a significant correlation of SOS with BV/TV (R = 0.82), while BUA values exhibit a non-linear behavior versus BV/TV. The orientation of the pin should be controlled with an accuracy of around 1{\textdegree} in order to obtain accurate results. The results indicate that using the ultrasonic wave reflected by a pin has a potential to estimate the bone density. SOS is more reliable than BUA due its lower sensitivity to the tilt angle.
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