在人口众多的自治社区中出现一体化机构
Emergence of integrated institutions in a large population of self-governing communities
摘要：
我们生活的大多数方面都由大型的、高度发达的机构管理，这些机构在一个权力结构下整合了多项治理任务。但是，理论家们对这种集中治理体系从萌芽阶段发展起来的机制存在分歧。综合治理计划的出现是否是小地位群体巩固权力的征兆？或者，整合的发生是因为一个复杂的机构对复杂的环境有更多的潜在反应？在这里，我们研究了5,000个主权的、资源有限的、自治的在线社区中复杂的治理机制的出现，这些社区的规模从一个用户到数千个用户不等。每个社区都是从没有社区成员和没有治理基础设施开始的。随着社区的发展，他们受到选择压力，使管理更好的服务器更好地填充。我们确定社区成功的预测和测试的假设，治理的复杂性可以提高社区健身。我们发现，预测成功取决于规模：复杂性的变化预测更大的人口服务器的成功。具体而言，在一个大型成功社区中，治理规则数量更多，范围更广。他们还往往更多地依赖于将权力集中在管理员身上的规则，以及管理不良行为和有限服务器资源的规则。总的来说，这项工作是符合理论的正式综合治理系统的出现，以组织集体应对相互依存的资源管理问题，特别是人口规模等因素加剧了这些问题。
英文摘要：
Most aspects of our lives are governed by large, highly developed institutions that integrate several governance tasks under one authority structure. But theorists differ as to the mechanisms that drive the development of such concentrated governance systems from rudimentary beginnings. Is the emergence of integrated governance schemes a symptom of consolidation of authority by small status groups? Or does integration occur because a complex institution has more potential responses to a complex environment? Here we examine the emergence of complex governance regimes in 5,000 sovereign, resource-constrained, self-governing online communities, ranging in scale from one to thousands of users. Each community begins with no community members and no governance infrastructure. As communities grow, they are subject to selection pressures that keep better managed servers better populated. We identify predictors of community success and test the hypothesis that governance complexity can enhance community fitness. We find that what predicts success depends on size: changes in complexity predict increased success with larger population servers. Specifically, governance rules in a large successful community are more numerous and broader in scope. They also tend to rely more on rules that concentrate power in administrators, and on rules that manage bad behavior and limited server resources. Overall, this work is consistent with theories that formal integrated governance systems emerge to organize collective responses to interdependent resource management problems, especially as factors such as population size exacerbate those problems.
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