二元性、基本性和涌现性
Duality, Fundamentality, and Emergence
摘要：
二元性提供了将基本性和涌现联系起来的新的可能性。特别是，正如本章的目的所要表明的，二元理论之间的基础性和涌现性的关系可能发生颠倒。换句话说，在这些案例中通常发现的涌现方向与标准账户中遵循的涌现方向相反：也就是说，虽然标准的出现方向是基本性下降的方向-一个更基本的实体可以从一个不那么基本的实体中产生。事实上，这种可能性可以追溯到量子场论和弦论中不同经典极限的存在。
英文摘要：
Dualities offer new possibilities for relating fundamentality and emergence. In particular, as is the aim of this chapter to show, it may happen that the relations of fundamentality and emergence between dual theories are inverted. In other words, the direction of emergence typically found in these cases is opposite to the direction of emergence followed in the standard accounts: that is, while the standard emergence direction is that of decreasing fundamentality---in that there is emergence of less fundamental, high-level entities, out of more fundamental, low-level entities---in these cases of duality, on the contrary, a more fundamental entity can emerge out of a less fundamental one. In fact, this possibility can be traced back to the existence of different classical limits in quantum field theories and string theories.
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