“你不是杰克·肯尼迪”--论媒体对总统辩论精华的选择
"You are no Jack Kennedy": On Media Selection of Highlights from Presidential Debates
摘要：
政治演讲和辩论在塑造政治家形象方面发挥着重要作用，公众往往依赖媒体从大量言论中选择政治传播。这是一个重要的研究问题，以了解哪些因素影响这一选择过程。为了定量地探索选择过程，我们建立了一个三十年的总统辩论记录和辩论后报道的数据集。我们首先研究措辞的影响，并提出了一个二元分类框架，控制扬声器和辩论的情况。我们发现，众包工作者在这项任务中只能达到60%的准确率，这表明媒体选择并不完全明显。我们的分类器平均表现优于众包工作者，主要是在初选辩论中。我们还比较了众包工作者的自由形式解释与数据驱动方法的重要因素，并发现了有趣的差异。很少有群众工作者提到“语境很重要”，而我们的数据显示，引用得好的句子比引用得少的句子与同一说话者之前的话语更不同。最后，我们研究了媒体偏好对不同措辞的综合影响，以了解媒体之间的碎片化程度。通过分析从我们的数据中引用行为构建的二分图，我们观察到两党报道的下降趋势。
英文摘要：
Political speeches and debates play an important role in shaping the images of politicians, and the public often relies on media outlets to select bits of political communication from a large pool of utterances. It is an important research question to understand what factors impact this selection process. To quantitatively explore the selection process, we build a three- decade dataset of presidential debate transcripts and post-debate coverage. We first examine the effect of wording and propose a binary classification framework that controls for both the speaker and the debate situation. We find that crowdworkers can only achieve an accuracy of 60% in this task, indicating that media choices are not entirely obvious. Our classifiers outperform crowdworkers on average, mainly in primary debates. We also compare important factors from crowdworkers' free-form explanations with those from data-driven methods and find interesting differences. Few crowdworkers mentioned that "context matters", whereas our data show that well-quoted sentences are more distinct from the previous utterance by the same speaker than less-quoted sentences. Finally, we examine the aggregate effect of media preferences towards different wordings to understand the extent of fragmentation among media outlets. By analyzing a bipartite graph built from quoting behavior in our data, we observe a decreasing trend in bipartisan coverage.
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