化学遗传作为分子水平上的群体选择
Chemical Heredity as Group Selection at the Molecular Level
摘要：
在生物学中有许多合作的例子。然而，在化学系统中，有时可能非常复杂，我们似乎没有观察到复杂的合作相互作用。生命起源的一个关键问题是，在生物复制出现之前，分子合作如何首先出现在非生物系统中。我们假设，分子水平上的选择是化学系统复杂化背后的驱动力，特别是在生命起源期间。在多层次选择理论中，两种选择力量是：组内和组间，前者倾向于“自私”的个体复制，后者倾向于个体之间的合作，以增强整个群体的复制。这些力量可以用普赖斯方程来量化，普赖斯方程是进化生物学中用来量化进化变化的标准工具。我们的中心主张是，复制和遗传在化学系统中是受选择，和量化使用多级价格方程。我们证明了这一点，使用分级自催化复制域计算机模型，描述简单的原始细胞组成的分子和它的复制，分别类似于群体和个人。与以前对该模型的处理相反，我们将脂质分子本身视为复制个体，并将它们形成的原始细胞视为个体组。我们的目标是展示如何进化生物学工具和概念可以应用于化学，我们认为，分子合作可能会出现由于组选择。此外，父母后代的生物学关系被认为是类似于化学中的反应产物关系，从而允许将进化生物学的工具应用于化学，并加深化学和生物学之间的联系。
英文摘要：
Many examples of cooperation exist in biology. In chemical systems however, which can sometimes be quite complex, we do not appear to observe intricate cooperative interactions. A key question for the origin of life, is then how can molecular cooperation first arise in an abiotic system prior to the emergence of biological replication. We postulate that selection at the molecular level is a driving force behind the complexification of chemical systems, particularly during the origins of life. In the theory of multilevel selection the two selective forces are: within-group and between-group, where the former tends to favor "selfish" replication of individuals and the latter favor cooperation between individuals enhancing the replication of the group as a whole. These forces can be quantified using the Price equation, which is a standard tool used in evolutionary biology to quantify evolutionary change. Our central claim is that replication and heredity in chemical systems are subject to selection, and quantifiable using the multilevel Price equation. We demonstrate this using the Graded Autocatalysis Replication Domain computer model, describing simple protocell composed out of molecules and its replication, which respectively analogue to the group and the individuals. In contrast to previous treatments of this model, we treat the lipid molecules themselves as replicating individuals and the protocells they form as groups of individuals. Our goal is to demonstrate how evolutionary biology tools and concepts can be applied in chemistry and we suggest that molecular cooperation may arise as a result of group selection. Further, the biological relation of parent-progeny is proposed to be analogue to the reactant-product relation in chemistry, thus allowing for tools from evolutionary biology to be applied to chemistry and would deepen the connection between chemistry and biology.
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