SEAGLE - I：一个用于从宇宙流体动力学模拟中模拟和建模强透镜的管道
SEAGLE - I: A pipeline for simulating and modeling strong lenses from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
摘要：
本文介绍了SEAGLE（即Simulating EAGLE LEnses）计划，该计划利用一套高分辨率的流体动力学模拟，即EAGLE（Evolution and Assembly of Galeries and their Environments）计划，通过强引力透镜研究星系的形成。我们介绍了模拟和分析管道，并提出了第一组结果，从我们的分析早期型星系。我们识别和提取一个模拟透镜星系的集合，并使用GLAMER射线跟踪透镜代码创建模拟透镜，类似于SLACS和SL 2S调查中观察到的透镜，使用一系列源参数和星系方向，包括观测效应，如点扩散函数（PSF），像素化和噪声水平，哈勃太空望远镜（HST）使用ACS-F814 W滤波器的单轨道观测的代表。我们随后使用代码LENSED对这些模拟晶状体进行建模，以与观察晶状体相同的方式处理它们。我们还估计直接从模拟星系的投影表面质量密度的质量模型参数，使用相同的质量模型家庭。我们用真实镜头对所有测量的量进行三向比较。我们发现EAGLE晶状体的平均总密度斜率$t=2.26\; (0.25\; \rm{rms})$高于SL 2S，$t=2.16$或SLACS，$t=2.08$。我们发现外剪切（$γ$）和复椭圆率（$ε$）之间有很强的相关性，其中$γ\sim ε/4$。这种相关性表明晶状体质量建模中的退化。我们还看到了镜片建模和直接拟合结果之间的分散，表明系统性偏差。
英文摘要：
In this paper we introduce the SEAGLE (i.e. Simulating EAGLE LEnses) program, that approaches the study of galaxy formation through strong gravitational lensing, using a suite of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations, Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) project. We introduce the simulation and analysis pipeline and present the first set of results from our analysis of early-type galaxies. We identify and extract an ensemble of simulated lens galaxies and use the GLAMER ray-tracing lensing code to create mock lenses similar to those observed in the SLACS and SL2S surveys, using a range of source parameters and galaxy orientations, including observational effects such as the Point-Spread-Function (PSF), pixelization and noise levels, representative of single-orbit observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) using the ACS-F814W filter. We subsequently model these mock lenses using the code LENSED, treating them in the same way as observed lenses. We also estimate the mass model parameters directly from the projected surface mass density of the simulated galaxy, using an identical mass model family. We perform a three-way comparison of all the measured quantities with real lenses. We find the average total density slope of EAGLE lenses, $t=2.26\; (0.25\; \rm{rms})$ to be higher than SL2S, $t=2.16$ or SLACS, $t=2.08$. We find a very strong correlation between the external shear ($γ$) and the complex ellipticity ($ε$), with $γ\sim ε/4$. This correlation indicates a degeneracy in the lens mass modeling. We also see a dispersion between lens modeling and direct fitting results, indicating systematical biases.
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