重要的是...在一次大爆炸中“和其他宇宙学奇点
"All that matter ... in one Big Bang ...," & other cosmological singularities
摘要：
本文的第一部分简要介绍了现代宇宙学的起源，作者认为，它最有可能诞生于1912年。这里提出的一些证据来自科学史上最近的研究，通常不会在科学普及书籍中与普通观众分享。特别地，根据弗雷德·霍伊尔的精确措辞，讨论了原始大爆炸概念的正确表述问题。在大多数通才文献中，这一点往往解释得很不充分（即使不是误导性的）。同样的词的其他频繁使用，大爆炸，命名宇宙的初始奇点，以及整个宇宙学模型，然后被处理，作为其原始含义的演变。彭罗斯、格罗赫、霍金和其他人对著名的奇点定理进行了量子和暴胀的补充，从而导致了博德、古斯和维伦金的后续结果。对爱因斯坦场方程的相应修正，特别是$R^2$、$f(R)$和标量-张量引力，产生了过多的新奇点。为了完整起见，给出了一个更新的表格，其中包含相同的分类。
英文摘要：
The first part of this paper contains a brief description of the beginnings of modern cosmology, which, the author will argue, was most likely born in the Year 1912. Some of the pieces of evidence presented here have emerged from recent research in the history of science, and are not usually shared with the general audiences in popular science books. In special, the issue of the correct formulation of the original Big Bang concept, according to the precise words of Fred Hoyle, is discussed. Too often, this point is very deficiently explained (when not just misleadingly) in most of the available generalist literature. Other frequent uses of the same words, Big Bang, as to name the initial singularity of the cosmos, and also whole cosmological models, are then addressed, as evolutions of its original meaning. Quantum and inflationary additions to the celebrated singularity theorems by Penrose, Geroch, Hawking and others led to subsequent results by Borde, Guth and Vilenkin. And corresponding corrections to the Einstein field equations have originated, in particular, $R^2$, $f(R)$, and scalar-tensor gravities, giving rise to a plethora of new singularities. For completeness, an updated table with a classification of the same is given.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
