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arXiv 1801.04838physics.ins-dethep-ex
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在浅地下场地直接测量宇宙μ子在铅中感生的中子

Direct measurement of neutrons induced in lead by cosmic muons at a shallow underground site

Qiang Du, Iris Abt, Anton Empl, Chris Gooch, Raphael Kneissl, Shin Ted LIN, Bela Majorovits, Matteo Palermo, Oliver Schulz, Li Wang, Qian YUE, Anna Julia Zsigmond

摘要:

用掺钆液体闪烁探测器研究了宇宙μ子在铅中的中子产生。该探测器安装在μ子感应中子间接探测实验(MINIDEX)旁边,该实验永久位于图宾根浅层地下实验室,平均μ子能量约为7 GeV。MINIDEX塑料闪烁体被用来标记μ子;中子通过液体闪烁体探测器中的中子捕获和中子诱导的核反冲信号来探测。观测到的中子捕获率和核反冲的结果,并从GEANT 4 -9.6和GEANT 4 -10.3的预测进行比较。两种版本GEANT 4的预测发生率均明显过低。对于中子俘获事件,观测结果分别超出GEANT 4 -9.6和GEANT 4 -10.3的预测值$ 1.65\,\pm\,0.02\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.07\,\textrm{(syst.)} $和$ 2.58\,\pm\,0.03\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.11\,\textrm{(syst.)} $。对于中子核反冲事件,其需要大约5 MeV以上的中子能量,因子甚至更大,分别为$ 2.22\,\pm\,0.05\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.25\,\textrm{(syst.)} $和$ 3.76\,\pm\,0.09\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.41\,\textrm{(syst.)} $。还介绍了第一次统计学上显着的测量中子的光谱引起的宇宙μ子在铅之间的5和40兆电子伏。它是通过展开核反冲谱得到的。观测到的中子谱比GEANT 4预测的要难。μ子标签和核反冲信号之间的时间差的分布的调查证实了展开程序的有效性,并表明GEANT 4不能正确地描述核反冲事件的时间分布。一般而言,GEANT 4 -10.3的数据描述比GEANT 4 -9.6更差。

英文摘要:

Neutron production in lead by cosmic muons has been studied with a Gadolinium doped liquid scintillator detector. The detector was installed next to the Muon-Induced Neutron Indirect Detection EXperiment (MINIDEX), permanently located in the Tübingen shallow underground laboratory where the mean muon energy is approximately 7 GeV. The MINIDEX plastic scintillators were used to tag muons; the neutrons were detected through neutron capture and neutron-induced nuclear recoil signals in the liquid scintillator detector. Results on the rates of observed neutron captures and nuclear recoils are presented and compared to predictions from GEANT4-9.6 and GEANT4-10.3. The predicted rates are significantly too low for both versions of GEANT4. For neutron capture events, the observation exceeds the predictions by factors of $ 1.65\,\pm\,0.02\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.07\,\textrm{(syst.)} $ and $ 2.58\,\pm\,0.03\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.11\,\textrm{(syst.)} $ for GEANT4-9.6 and GEANT4-10.3, respectively. For neutron nuclear recoil events, which require neutron energies above approximately 5 MeV, the factors are even larger, $ 2.22\,\pm\,0.05\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.25\,\textrm{(syst.)} $ and $ 3.76\,\pm\,0.09\,\textrm{(stat.)}\,\pm\,0.41\,\textrm{(syst.)} $, respectively. Also presented is the first statistically significant measurement of the spectrum of neutrons induced by cosmic muons in lead between 5 and 40 MeV. It was obtained by unfolding the nuclear recoil spectrum. The observed neutron spectrum is harder than predicted by GEANT4. An investigation of the distribution of the time difference between muon tags and nuclear recoil signals confirms the validity of the unfolding procedure and shows that GEANT4 cannot properly describe the time distribution of nuclear recoil events. In general, the description of the data is worse for GEANT4-10.3 than for GEANT4-9.6.

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