Cobalt：基于GPU的LOFAR关联函数和波束形成器
Cobalt: A GPU-based correlator and beamformer for LOFAR
摘要：
对于低频射电天文学，通用硬件上的软件相关和波束形成是定制设计硬件的可行替代方案。LOFAR是新一代射电望远镜，中心位于荷兰，在德国，法国，爱尔兰，拉脱维亚，波兰，瑞典和英国设有国际站，自2004年以来，它已成功使用基于IBM Blue Gene技术的软件实时处理器。从那时起，技术的发展使我们能够建立一个基于商业现成组件的系统，该系统将相同的功能与较低的运营成本相结合。在本文中，我们描述了一个基于GPU的关联函数和波束形成器的设计和实现具有相同的能力，蓝色基因为基础的系统。我们专注于所采取的设计方法，并显示在选择一个合适的系统所面临的挑战。软件系统的设计、实现和验证充分体现了现代测试驱动开发方法的价值。基于三年运行的运行经验表明，通用系统是以前基于超级计算机的系统或定制设计的硬件的良好替代品。
英文摘要：
For low-frequency radio astronomy, software correlation and beamforming on general purpose hardware is a viable alternative to custom designed hardware. LOFAR, a new-generation radio telescope centered in the Netherlands with international stations in Germany, France, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Sweden and the UK, has successfully used software real-time processors based on IBM Blue Gene technology since 2004. Since then, developments in technology have allowed us to build a system based on commercial off-the-shelf components that combines the same capabilities with lower operational cost. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a GPU-based correlator and beamformer with the same capabilities as the Blue Gene based systems. We focus on the design approach taken, and show the challenges faced in selecting an appropriate system. The design, implementation and verification of the software system shows the value of a modern test-driven development approach. Operational experience, based on three years of operations, demonstrates that a general purpose system is a good alternative to the previous supercomputer-based system or custom-designed hardware.
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