在基于吸引力的模型中，非同步性促进极化集体运动
Asynchrony promotes polarized collective motion in attraction based models
摘要：
动物群体经常以一种高度有组织的方式移动，如鸟群和鱼群。尽管这是每天都发生的事情，但我们还没有完全理解它是如何工作的。什么样的动物之间的社会相互作用引起了我们观察到的整体群体结构和行为？这个问题经常使用自推进粒子模型来研究，其中粒子代表个体动物。这些模型在所使用的社会互动、个体粒子特性和各种技术假设方面有所不同。一个特定的技术假设涉及所有粒子是否在完全相同的时间（同步更新）或不（异步更新）更新其航向和位置。在这里，我们研究了这个假设在一个特定模型中的因果效应，发现它有巨大的影响。特别地，极化组在使用同步更新时不会形成，但总是在异步更新时产生。我们还表明，充分的极化组的形成和量化的时间极化组的形成是不需要的。由于文献中的许多重要模型已经实现了同步更新，我们推测，我们对这些模型的理解，或者更确切地说，它们所基于的社会互动，可能是不完整的。如果选择其他可能更现实的更新方案，也许会出现一系列以前未观察到的动态现象。
英文摘要：
Animal groups frequently move in a highly organized manner, as represented by flocks of birds and schools of fish. Despite being an everyday occurrence, we do not yet fully understand how this works. What type of social interactions between animals gives rise to the overall flock structure and behavior we observe? This question is often investigated using self-propelled particle models where particles represent the individual animals. These models differ in the social interactions used, individual particle properties, and various technical assumptions. One particular technical assumption relates to whether all particles update their headings and positions at exactly the same time (synchronous update) or not (asynchronous update). Here we investigate the causal effects of this assumption in a specific model and find that it has a dramatic impact. In particular, polarized groups do not form when synchronous update is used, but are always produced with asynchronous updates. We also show that full asynchrony is not required for polarized groups to form and quantify time to polarized group formation. Since many important models in the literature have been implemented with synchronous update only, we speculate that our understanding of these models, or rather the social interactions on which they are based, may be incomplete. Perhaps a range of previously unobserved dynamic phenomena will emerge if other potentially more realistic update schemes are chosen.
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