宇宙中的真空动力学与刚性$Λ=$常数
Vacuum dynamics in the Universe versus a rigid $Λ=$const
摘要：
今年，我们庆祝爱因斯坦引力场方程中的宇宙学项$Λ$诞生100周年，但我们仍然面临着一个关键问题：$Λ$究竟是一个真正的基本常数，还是一个温和演化的动力学变量。在对$Λ$的意义进行了许多理论上的尝试之后，鉴于宇宙学观测的精确性得到了提高，现在看来，在对它的最终性质进行进一步的理论推测之前，这个问题必须首先在经验上得到解决。在这项工作中，我们总结了其中一些研究的情况。最近进行的专门分析表明，$Λ=$常数假设尽管是最简单的，但可能不是最受欢迎的假设。宇宙学观测量$SNIa+BAO+H(z)+LSS+CMB$的整体拟合挑出了“运行”真空模型的RVM类，其中$Λ=Λ(H)$是哈勃速率的仿射幂律函数。结果表明，与“一致性”$Λ$ CDM模型（具有$Λ=$常数）相比，RVM的性能更好。就好多了。支持RVM的证据可能达到$\sim 4σ$ c.l.，并得到Akaike和贝叶斯标准的支持，为RVM选项提供了强有力的证据。我们还解决了这个框架的影响，对当前哈勃参数的CMB和本地测量之间的紧张关系。
英文摘要：
In this year, in which we celebrate 100 years of the cosmological term, $Λ$, in Einstein's gravitational field equations, we are still facing the crucial question whether $Λ$ is truly a fundamental constant or a mildly evolving dynamical variable. After many theoretical attempts to understand the meaning of $Λ$, and in view of the enhanced accuracy of the cosmological observations, it seems now mandatory that this issue should be first settled empirically before further theoretical speculations on its ultimate nature. In this work, we summarize the situation of some of these studies. Devoted analyses made recently show that the $Λ=$const. hypothesis, despite being the simplest, may well not be the most favored one. The overall fit to the cosmological observables $SNIa+BAO+H(z)+LSS+CMB$ singles out the class RVM of the "running" vacuum models, in which $Λ=Λ(H)$ is an affine power-law function of the Hubble rate. It turns out that the performance of the RVM as compared to the "concordance" $Λ$CDM model (with $Λ=$const.) is much better. The evidence in support of the RVM may reach $\sim 4σ$ c.l., and is bolstered with Akaike and Bayesian criteria providing strong evidence in favor of the RVM option. We also address the implications of this framework on the tension between the CMB and local measurements of the current Hubble parameter.
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