标准化考试的范围限制、录取标准及相关性研究
Range restriction, admissions criteria, and correlation studies of standardized tests
摘要：
最近对标准化考试有影响力的批评指出，存在着相当数量的成功科学家在GRE考试中获得了低分。在这里，我们使用计算机模拟来表明，这些例子的流行与学术表现取决于多个变量的合理假设是一致的。我们研究了不同变量的预测能力上观察到的招生标准的影响，并表明，观察到的学生的表现和学生的特点之间的相关性取决于选择学生的方法上检测到的因果关系在更广泛的申请人池。这是一个众所周知的范围限制的统计现象的例子，我们提供了相关的警告和建议，以进一步研究入学考试。我们还表明，范围限制效应的大小取决于学生的特点是如何在招生决定的权重。
英文摘要：
Recent and influential critiques of standardized testing have noted the existence of non-trivial numbers of successful scientists who received low scores on the GRE. Here we use computer simulations to show that the prevalence of such examples is consistent with the reasonable hypothesis that academic performance depends on multiple variables. We examine the effects of admissions criteria on the observed predictive power of different variables, and show that observed correlations between student performance and student characteristics depend as much on the method of selecting students as on causal relationships detectable in the wider applicant pool. This is an example of the well-known statistical phenomenon of range restriction, and we offer relevant caveats and recommendations for further studies of admissions tests. We also show that the magnitude of range restriction effects depend on how student characteristics are weighted in admissions decisions.
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