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arXiv 1709.02540cs.LG
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神经网络的表达能力:从宽度的角度看

The Expressive Power of Neural Networks: A View from the Width

Peking University(北京大学);Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, MOE, School of EECS, Peking University(北京大学信息科学技术学院机器感知与智能教育部重点实验室);Center for Data Science, Peking University(北京大学数据科学研究中心);Beijing Institute of Big Data Research(北京大数据研究院)

Zhou Lu, Hongming Pu, Feicheng Wang, Zhiqiang Hu, Liwei Wang

摘要:

神经网络的表达能力对于理解深度学习非常重要。现有的研究多从网络深度的角度来考虑这一问题。在本文中,我们研究了宽度如何影响神经网络的表达能力。经典的结果表明,深度有界(例如深度- $2$)网络与适当的激活函数是通用的逼近。我们展示了宽度有界ReLU网络的一个通用近似定理:宽度- $(n+4)$ ReLU网络,其中$n$是输入维度,是通用近似器。此外,除了测量零点集之外,所有函数都不能用宽度- $n$ ReLU网络近似,这表现出相变。最近的几项工作通过证明神经网络的深度效率来证明深度的好处。也就是说,有一类深度网络无法通过任何规模不超过指数界的浅网络实现。在这里,我们对ReLU网络的宽度效率提出了双重问题:是否存在无法通过尺寸不大的窄网络实现的宽网络?我们发现,存在类的宽网络,不能实现任何窄的网络,其深度不超过一个多项式的界限。另一方面,我们通过大量的实验证明,规模超过多项式以一个常数因子约束的窄网络可以以高精度逼近宽而浅的网络。我们的研究结果提供了更全面的证据,证明深度比宽度对ReLU网络的表现力更有效。

英文摘要:

The expressive power of neural networks is important for understanding deep learning. Most existing works consider this problem from the view of the depth of a network. In this paper, we study how width affects the expressiveness of neural networks. Classical results state that depth-bounded (e.g. depth-$2$) networks with suitable activation functions are universal approximators. We show a universal approximation theorem for width-bounded ReLU networks: width-$(n+4)$ ReLU networks, where $n$ is the input dimension, are universal approximators. Moreover, except for a measure zero set, all functions cannot be approximated by width-$n$ ReLU networks, which exhibits a phase transition. Several recent works demonstrate the benefits of depth by proving the depth-efficiency of neural networks. That is, there are classes of deep networks which cannot be realized by any shallow network whose size is no more than an exponential bound. Here we pose the dual question on the width-efficiency of ReLU networks: Are there wide networks that cannot be realized by narrow networks whose size is not substantially larger? We show that there exist classes of wide networks which cannot be realized by any narrow network whose depth is no more than a polynomial bound. On the other hand, we demonstrate by extensive experiments that narrow networks whose size exceed the polynomial bound by a constant factor can approximate wide and shallow network with high accuracy. Our results provide more comprehensive evidence that depth is more effective than width for the expressiveness of ReLU networks.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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