The success of a disaster relief and response process is largely dependent on timely and accurate information regarding the status of the disaster, the surrounding environment, and the affected people. This information is primarily provided by first responders on-site and can be enhanced by the firsthand reports posted in real-time on social media. Many tools and methods have been developed to automate disaster relief by extracting, analyzing, and visualizing actionable information from social media. However, these methods are not well integrated in the relief and response processes and the relation between the two requires exposition for further advancement. In this survey, we review the new frontier of intelligent disaster relief and response using social media, show stages of disasters which are reflected on social media, establish a connection between proposed methods based on social media and relief efforts by first responders, and outline pressing challenges and future research directions.
Could social media data aid in disaster response and damage assessment? Countries face both an increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters due to climate change. And during such events, citizens are turning to social media platforms for disaster-related communication and information. Social media improves situational awareness, facilitates dissemination of emergency information, enables early warning systems, and helps coordinate relief efforts. Additionally, spatiotemporal distribution of disaster-related messages helps with real-time monitoring and assessment of the disaster itse…
Natural hazards are becoming increasingly expensive as climate change and development are exposing communities to greater risks. Preparation and recovery are critical for climate change resilience, and social media are being used more and more to communicate before, during, and after disasters. While there is a growing body of research aimed at understanding how people use social media surrounding disaster events, most existing work has focused on a single disaster case study. In the present study, we analyze five of the costliest disasters in the last decade in the United States (Hurricanes I…
Social media are more than just a one-way communication channel. Data can be collected, analyzed and contextualized to support disaster risk management. However, disaster management agencies typically use such added-value information to support only their own decisions. A feedback loop between contextualized information and data suppliers would result in various advantages. First, it could facilitate the near real-time communication of early warnings derived from social media, linked to other sources of information. Second, it could support the staff of aid organizations during response operat…
During and after disasters, highways provide vital routes for emergency services, relief efforts, and evacuation activities. Thus, a timely and reliable assessment of disaster impacts on highways is critical for decision-makers to quickly and effectively perform relief and recovery efforts. Recently, social media has increasingly been used in disaster management for obtaining a rapid, public-centric assessment of disaster impacts due to its near real-time, social and informational characteristics. Although promising, the employment of social media for assessing disaster impacts on highways is …
This paper analyses social media data in multiple disaster-related collections of floods and heat waves in the UK. The proposed method uses machine learning classifiers based on deep bidirectional neural networks trained on benchmark datasets of disaster responses and extreme events. The resulting models are applied to perform sentiment and qualitative analysis of inferred topics in text data. We further analyse a set of behavioural indicators and match them with climate variables via decoding synoptical records to analyse thermal comfort. We highlight the advantages of aligning behavioural in…
The analysis of natural disaster-related multimedia content got great attention in recent years. Being one of the most important sources of information, social media have been crawled over the years to collect and analyze disaster-related multimedia content. Satellite imagery has also been widely explored for disasters analysis. In this paper, we survey the existing literature on disaster detection and analysis of the retrieved information from social media and satellites. Literature on disaster detection and analysis of related multimedia content on the basis of the nature of the content can …
Timely and reliable sensing of infrastructure conditions is critical in disaster management for planning effective infrastructure restorations. Social media, a near real-time information source, has been widely used in disasters for forming timely situational awareness. Yet, using social media to sense electricity infrastructure conditions has not been explored. This study aims to address the research gap through mining public topics from social media. To achieve this purpose, we proposed a systematic and customized approach wherein (1) electricity-related social media data is extracted by the…
Peatland fires and haze events are disasters with national, regional and international implications. The phenomena lead to direct damage to local assets, as well as broader economic and environmental losses. Satellite imagery is still the main and often the only available source of information for disaster management. In this article, we test the potential of social media to assist disaster management. To this end, we compare insights from two datasets: fire hotspots detected via NASA satellite imagery and almost all GPS-stamped tweets from Sumatra Island, Indonesia, posted during 2014. Sumatr…
Physical media (like surveillance cameras) and social media (like Instagram and Twitter) may both be useful in attaining on-the-ground information during an emergency or disaster situation. However, the intersection and reliability of both surveillance cameras and social media during a natural disaster are not fully understood. To address this gap, we tested whether social media is of utility when physical surveillance cameras went off-line during Hurricane Irma in 2017. Specifically, we collected and compared geo-tagged Instagram and Twitter posts in the state of Florida during times and in a…
Social media has become an essential channel for posting disaster-related information, which provide governments and relief agencies real-time data for better disaster management. However, research in this field has not received sufficient attention and extracting useful information is still challenging. This paper aims to improve disaster relief efficiency via mining and analyzing social media data like public attitudes towards disaster response and public demands for targeted relief supplies during different types of disasters. We focus on different natural disasters based on properties such…
There have been various studies analyzing public sentiment after a large-scale disaster. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between public sentiment on social media and its results on people's activities in the real world. In this paper, we conduct a long-term sentiment analysis after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 using Facebook Pages with the aim of investigating the correlation between public sentiment and people's actual needs in areas damaged by water disasters. In addition, we try to analyze whether different types of disaster-related communication…
In large-scale emergencies social media has become a key source of information for public awareness, government authorities and relief agencies. However, the sheer volume of data and the low signal-to- noise ratio limit the effectiveness and the efficiency of using social media as an intelligence resource. We describe Australian Crisis Tracker (ACT), a tool designed for agencies responding to large- scale emergency events, to facilitate the understanding of critical information in Twitter. ACT was piloted by the Australian Red Cross (ARC) during the 2013-2014 Australian bushfires season. Video…
Media organisations are essential communication stakeholders in social media disaster communication during extreme events. They perform gatekeeper and amplification roles which are crucial for collective sense-making processes. In that capacity, media organisations distribute information through social media, use it as a source of information, and share such information across different channels. Yet, little is known about the role of media organisations on social media as supposed sense-givers to effectively support the creation of mutual sense. This study investigates the communication strat…
The use of social media as a means of communication has significantly increased over recent years. There is a plethora of information flow over the different topics of discussion, which is widespread across different domains. The ease of information sharing has increased noisy data being induced along with the relevant data stream. Finding such relevant data is important, especially when we are dealing with a time-critical domain like disasters. It is also more important to filter the relevant data in a real-time setting to timely process and leverage the information for decision support. Howe…
While vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) have earned the stature of a mobile sensing paradigm utilizing sensors built into cars, they have limited sensing scopes since car drivers only opportunistically discover new events. Conversely, social sensing is emerging as a new sensing paradigm where measurements about the physical world are collected from humans. In contrast to VSNs, social sensing is more pervasive, but one of its key limitations lies in its inconsistent reliability stemming from the data contributed by unreliable human sensors. In this paper, we present DASC, a road Damage-Aware Soc…
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；Australian Red Cross（澳大利亚红十字会）
Social media has been a powerful tool and an integral part of communication, especially during natural disasters. Social media platforms help nonprofits in effective disaster management by disseminating crucial information to various communities at the earliest. Besides spreading information to every corner of the world, various platforms incorporate many features that give access to host online fundraising events, process online donations, etc. The current literature lacks the theoretical structure investigating the correlation between social media engagement and crisis management. Large nonp…
Natural disasters can have devastating and long-lasting effects on a community's emotional well-being. These effects may be distributed unequally, affecting some communities more profoundly and possibly over longer time periods than others. Here, we analyze the effects of four major US hurricanes, namely, Irma, Harvey, Florence, and Dorian on the emotional well-being of the affected communities and regions. We show that a community's emotional response to a hurricane event can be measured from the content of social media that its population posted before, during, and after the hurricane. For e…
The super-cyclonic storm "Amphan" hit Eastern India, specifically the state of West Bengal, Odisha and parts of Bangladesh in May 2020, and caused severe damage to the regions. In this study, we aim to understand the self-reported effects of this natural disaster on residents of the state of West Bengal. To that end, we conducted an online survey to understand the effects of the cyclone. In total, 201 participants (spanning five districts) from the worst-affected state of West Bengal participated in the survey. This report describes our findings from the survey, with respect to the damages cau…
Social media platforms have been extensively used during natural disasters. However, most prior work has lacked focus on studying their usage during disasters in the Global South, where Internet access and social media utilization differs from developing countries. In this paper, we study how social media was used in the aftermath of the 7.1-magnitude earthquake that hit Mexico on September 19 of 2017 (known as the #19S earthquake). We conduct an analysis of how participants utilized social media platforms in the #19S aftermath. Our research extends investigations of crisis informatics by: 1) …
With the advancement and proliferation of technology, non-profit organisations have embraced social media platforms to improve their operational capabilities through brand advocacy, among many other strategies. The effect of such social media campaigns on these institutions, however, remains largely underexplored, especially during disaster periods. This work introduces and applies a quantitative investigative framework to understand how social media influence the behaviour of donors and their usage of these platforms throughout (natural) disasters. More specifically, we explore how on-line en…
In recent years, we have been faced with a series of natural disasters causing a tremendous amount of financial, environmental, and human losses. The unpredictable nature of natural disasters' behavior makes it hard to have a comprehensive situational awareness (SA) to support disaster management. Using opinion surveys is a traditional approach to analyze public concerns during natural disasters; however, this approach is limited, expensive, and time-consuming. Luckily the advent of social media has provided scholars with an alternative means of analyzing public concerns. Social media enable u…
Although a lot of research has been done on utilising Online Social Media during disasters, there exists no system for a specific task that is critical in a post-disaster scenario -- identifying resource-needs and resource-availabilities in the disaster-affected region, coupled with their subsequent matching. To this end, we present NARMADA, a semi-automated platform which leverages the crowd-sourced information from social media posts for assisting post-disaster relief coordination efforts. The system employs Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval techniques for identifying res…
Although social media provides a vibrant platform to discuss real-world events, the quantity of information generated can overwhelm decision making based on that information. By better understanding who is participating in information sharing, we can more effectively filter information as the event unfolds. Fine-grained understanding of credible sources can even help develop a trusted network of users for specific events or situations. Given the culture of relying on trusted actors for work practices in the humanitarian and disaster response domain, we propose to identify potential credible us…
Investigating disaster response through social media data and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model: A case study of 2020 Western U.S. wildfire season
University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）
University of Houston（休斯顿大学）；University of Tehran（德黑兰大学）；Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)（基础科学研究所（IPM））
In a disaster situation, first responders need to quickly acquire situational awareness and prioritize response based on the need, resources available and impact. Can they do this based on digital media such as Twitter alone, or newswire alone, or some combination of the two? We examine this question in the context of the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes. Because newswire articles are longer, effective summaries can be helpful in saving time yet giving key content. We evaluate the effectiveness of several unsupervised summarization techniques in capturing key content. We propose a method to link tweets …
Montgomery County, Maryland Community Emergency Response Team（马里兰州蒙哥马利县社区应急响应队）
Rapid damage assessment is one of the core tasks that response organizations perform at the onset of a disaster to understand the scale of damage to infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings. This work analyzes the usefulness of social media imagery content to perform rapid damage assessment during a real-world disaster. An automatic image processing system, which was activated in collaboration with a volunteer response organization, processed ~280K images to understand the extent of damage caused by the disaster. The system achieved an accuracy of 76% computed based on the feedbac…
With the development of the Internet, social media has become an important channel for posting disaster-related information. Analyzing attitudes hidden in these texts, known as sentiment analysis, is crucial for the government or relief agencies to improve disaster response efficiency, but it has not received sufficient attention. This paper aims to fill this gap by focusing on investigating attitudes towards disaster response and analyzing targeted relief supplies during disaster response. The contributions of this paper are fourfold. First, we propose several machine learning models for clas…
During natural and man-made disasters, people use social media platforms such as Twitter to post textual and multime- dia content to report updates about injured or dead people, infrastructure damage, and missing or found people among other information types. Studies have revealed that this on- line information, if processed timely and effectively, is ex- tremely useful for humanitarian organizations to gain situational awareness and plan relief operations. In addition to the analysis of textual content, recent studies have shown that imagery content on social media can boost disaster response…
Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·卡利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）；BJIT Limited（BJIT有限公司）
Images shared on social media help crisis managers gain situational awareness and assess incurred damages, among other response tasks. As the volume and velocity of such content are typically high, real-time image classification has become an urgent need for a faster disaster response. Recent advances in computer vision and deep neural networks have enabled the development of models for real-time image classification for a number of tasks, including detecting crisis incidents, filtering irrelevant images, classifying images into specific humanitarian categories, and assessing the severity of t…
University of North Carolina - Greensboro（北卡罗来纳大学格林斯伯勒分校）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Mississippi State University（密西西比州立大学）
Streaming social media provides a real-time glimpse of extreme weather impacts. However, the volume of streaming data makes mining information a challenge for emergency managers, policy makers, and disciplinary scientists. Here we explore the effectiveness of data learned approaches to mine and filter information from streaming social media data from Hurricane Irma's landfall in Florida, USA. We use 54,383 Twitter messages (out of 784K geolocated messages) from 16,598 users from Sept. 10 - 12, 2017 to develop 4 independent models to filter data for relevance: 1) a geospatial model based on for…
In this paper, we explore the formation of network relationships among disaster relief agencies during the process of responding to an unexpected event. The relationship is investigated through variables derived from the policy network theory, and four cases from three developed countries such as (i) Hurricane Katrina in the US; (ii) Typhoon Maemi in South Korea; (iii) Kobe; and, (iv) Tohoku Earthquake in Japan that failed to cope with extreme events forms the basis for case study presented here. We argue that structural characteristics of multi-jurisdictional coordination may facilitate or im…
During recent years the online social networks (in particular Twitter) have become an important alternative information channel to traditional media during natural disasters, but the amount and diversity of messages poses the challenge of information overload to end users. The goal of our research is to develop an automatic classifier of tweets to feed a mobile application that reduces the difficulties that citizens face to get relevant information during natural disasters. In this paper, we present in detail the process to build a classifier that filters tweets relevant and non-relevant to an…
University Politehnica of Bucharest（布加勒斯特理工大学）；Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems（弗劳恩霍夫开放通信系统研究所）
Real-time social media data can provide useful information on evolving hazards. Alongside traditional methods of disaster detection, the integration of social media data can considerably enhance disaster management. In this paper, we investigate the problem of detecting geolocation-content communities on Twitter and propose a novel distributed system that provides in near real-time information on hazard-related events and their evolution. We show that content-based community analysis leads to better and faster dissemination of reports on hazards. Our distributed disaster reporting system analy…
MEDIC: A Multi-Task Learning Dataset for Disaster Image Classification
Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；Cognitive Insight Limited（认知洞察有限公司）；Daffodil International University（达福德国际大学）
Missouri University of Science and Technology（密苏里科技大学）
It is a challenging and complex task to acquire information from different regions of a disaster-affected area in a timely fashion. The extensive spread and reach of social media and networks allow people to share information in real-time. However, the processing of social media data and gathering of valuable information require a series of operations such as (1) processing each specific tweet for a text classification, (2) possible location determination of people needing help based on tweets, and (3) priority calculations of rescue tasks based on the classification of tweets. These are three…
Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California Marina del Rey, CA
Humanitarian disasters have been on the rise in recent years due to the effects of climate change and socio-political situations such as the refugee crisis. Technology can be used to best mobilize resources such as food and water in the event of a natural disaster, by semi-automatically flagging tweets and short messages as indicating an urgent need. The problem is challenging not just because of the sparseness of data in the immediate aftermath of a disaster, but because of the varying characteristics of disasters in developing countries (making it difficult to train just one system) and the …
University of Pretoria（比勒陀利亚大学）；CSIR（南非科学与工业研究理事会）；Mail and Guardian（《邮卫报》）
Social Media can be used to extract discussion topics during a disaster. With the COVID-19 pandemic impact on South Africa, we need to understand how the law and regulation promulgated by the government in response to the pandemic contrasts with discussion topics social media users have been engaging in. In this work, we expand on traditional media analysis by using Social Media discussions driven by or directed to South African government officials. We find topics that are similar as well as different in some cases. The findings can inform further study into social media during disaster setti…
Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（卡塔尔计算研究所，哈马德·本·哈利法大学）
Social networks are widely used for information consumption and dissemination, especially during time-critical events such as natural disasters. Despite its significantly large volume, social media content is often too noisy for direct use in any application. Therefore, it is important to filter, categorize, and concisely summarize the available content to facilitate effective consumption and decision-making. To address such issues automatic classification systems have been developed using supervised modeling approaches, thanks to the earlier efforts on creating labeled datasets. However, exis…
The demo will illustrate the features of a webGIS interface to support the rapid mapping activities after a natural disaster, with the goal of providing additional information from social media to the mapping operators. This demo shows the first results of the E2mC H2020 European project, where the goal is to extract precisely located information from available social media sources, providing accurate geolocating functionalities and, starting from posts searched in Twitter, extending the social media exploration to Flickr, YouTube, and Instagram.
Attribution of responsibility and blame are important topics in political science especially as individuals tend to think of political issues in terms of questions of responsibility, and as blame carries far more weight in voting behavior than that of credit. However, surprisingly, there is a paucity of studies on the attribution of responsibility and blame in the field of disaster research. The Flint water crisis is a story of government failure at all levels. By studying microblog posts about it, we understand how citizens assign responsibility and blame regarding such a man-made disaster on…
The importance of social media is again exposed in the recent tragedy of the 2023 Turkey and Syria earthquake. Many victims who were trapped under the rubble called for help by posting messages in Twitter. We present an interactive tool to provide situational awareness for missing and trapped people, and disaster relief for rescue and donation efforts. The system (i) collects tweets, (ii) classifies the ones calling for help, (iii) extracts important entity tags, and (iv) visualizes them in an interactive map screen. Our initial experiments show that the performance in terms of the F1 score is…
Earthquakes have a deep impact on wide areas, and emergency rescue operations may benefit from social media information about the scope and extent of the disaster. Therefore, this work presents a text miningbased approach to collect and analyze social media data for early earthquake impact analysis. First, disasterrelated microblogs are collected from the Sina microblog based on crawler technology. Then, after data cleaning a series of analyses are conducted including (1) the hot words analysis, (2) the trend of the number of microblogs, (3) the trend of public opinion sentiment, and (4) a key…
Citizens and Emergency Managers need to be able to distinguish ''fake'' (untrue) news posts from real news posts on social media during disasters. This paper is based on an online survey conducted in 2018 that produced 341 responses from invitations distributed via email and through Facebook. It explores to what extent and how citizens generally assess whether postings are ''true'' or ''fake,'' and describes indicators of the trustworthiness of content that users would like. The mean response on a semantic differential scale measuring how frequently users attempt to verify the news trustworthi…
Online social microblogging platforms including Twitter are increasingly used for aiding relief operations during disaster events. During most of the calamities that can be natural disasters or even armed attacks, non-governmental organizations look for critical information about resources to support effected people. Despite the recent advancement of natural language processing with deep neural networks, retrieval and ranking of short text becomes a challenging task because a lot of conversational and sympathy content merged with the critical information. In this paper, we address the problem …
