Geoffrey C. Fox, Vatche Ishakian, Vinod Muthusamy, Aleksander Slominski
This whitepaper summarizes issues raised during the First International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC) 2017 held June 5th 2017 and especially in the panel and associated discussion that concluded the workshop. We also include comments from the keynote and submitted papers. A glossary at the end (section 8) defines many technical terms used in this report.
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Serverless computing is an excellent fit for big data processing because it can scale quickly and cheaply to thousands of parallel functions. Existing serverless platforms isolate functions in ephemeral, stateless containers, preventing them from directly sharing memory. This forces users to duplicate and serialise data repeatedly, adding unnecessary performance and resource costs. We believe that a new lightweight isolation approach is needed, which supports sharing memory directly between functions and reduces resource overheads. We introduce Faaslets, a new isolation abstraction for high-pe…
FaaSKeeper: Learning from Building Serverless Services with ZooKeeper as an Example
本文提出FaaSKeeper，即基于无服务器函数和云原生服务构建的ZooKeeper无服务器变体，在保持相同一致性保证和接口的同时，将不频繁工作负载下的成本降低110-719倍。
FaaSTube: Optimizing GPU-oriented Data Transfer for Serverless Computing
针对无服务器机器学习推理中现有数据传递方案依赖主机内存导致I/O开销高的问题，提出FaaSTube系统，通过GPU内存池直接交换数据、细粒度带宽共享与弹性内存池，大幅降低端到端延迟并提升吞吐量。
Serverless computing has become a major trend among cloud providers. With serverless computing, developers fully delegate the task of managing the servers, dynamically allocating the required resources, as well as handling availability and fault-tolerance matters to the cloud provider. In doing so, developers can solely focus on the application logic of their software, which is then deployed and completely managed in the cloud. Despite its increasing popularity, not much is known regarding the actual system performance achievable on the currently available serverless platforms. Specifically, i…
Limitless FaaS: Overcoming serverless functions execution time limits with invoke driven architecture and memory checkpoints
本文提出了一种框架，通过调用驱动架构与内存检查点， FaaS 函数执行时间限制，并在几乎不修改用户代码的情况下实现无限制执行，实验表明该系统在概念验证阶段已具备重要价值。
Joint$λ$: Orchestrating Serverless Workflows on Jointcloud FaaS Systems
本文提出Joint$λ$，一种分布式运行时系统，用于在多个FaaS系统上协调无服务器工作流，解决跨云工作流的高可用性和故障容忍问题，通过函数侧协调减少通信开销，提升性能和降低成本。
Serverless computing, or Function-as-a-Service (FaaS), enables a new way of building and scaling applications by allowing users to deploy fine-grained functions while providing fully-managed resource provisioning and auto-scaling. Custom FaaS container support is gaining traction as it enables better control over OSes, versioning, and tooling for modernizing FaaS applications. However, providing rapid container provisioning introduces non-trivial challenges for FaaS providers, since container provisioning is costly, and real-world FaaS workloads exhibit highly dynamic patterns. In this paper, …
FaaSMT: Lightweight Serverless Framework for Intrusion Detection Using Merkle Tree and Task Inlining
本文提出轻量级无服务器入侵检测框架FaaSMT，通过并行日志收集、Merkle Tree算法和启发式优化实现自适应内联安全任务执行，有效检测DoW和业务逻辑攻击并显著降低性能开销。
FaaS Is Not Enough: Serverless Handling of Burst-Parallel Jobs
针对FaaS处理突发并行作业的不足，提出基于组调用原语的无服务器方案，通过整合容器增强局部性，实现同步通信，显著降低延迟，TeraSort提速2倍，PageRank提速13倍。
FaasMeter: Energy-First Serverless Computing
本文提出 FaasMeter 能源优先 FaaS 控制平面，结合功耗模型、Kalman 滤波与 Shapley 值实现函数级共享资源能耗归因，误差低于 1%。
Serverless computing is a widely adopted cloud execution model composed of Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) and Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS) offerings. The increased level of abstraction makes vendor lock-in inherent to serverless computing, raising more concerns than previous cloud paradigms. Multi-cloud serverless is a promising emerging approach against vendor lock-in, yet multiple challenges must be overcome to tap its potential. First, we need to be aware of both the performance and cost of each FaaS provider. Second, a multi-cloud architecture must be proposed before deploying a multi-cloud w…
Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) is one of the most promising directions for the future of cloud services, and serverless functions have immediately become a new middleware for building scalable and cost-efficient microservices and applications. However, the quickly moving technology hinders reproducibility, and the lack of a standardized benchmarking suite leads to ad-hoc solutions and microbenchmarks being used in serverless research, further complicating metaanalysis and comparison of research solutions. To address this challenge, we propose the Serverless Benchmark Suite: the first benchmark f…
rFaaS: Enabling High Performance Serverless with RDMA and Leases
针对无服务器计算性能不足的问题，提出RDMA加速的FaaS平台rFaaS，通过分配租约和微秒级调用优化架构，显著降低延迟，实现高性能并适用于HPC。
Priceless: An examination of Serverless Functions-as-a-Service (FaaS) pricing models
本文提出Priceless框架，系统分析FaaS特性与定价模型，并在AWS Lambda、Azure Functions和Google Cloud Functions上对比运行示例工作负载的成本，发现跨提供商和跨区域存在显著成本差异，AWS最便宜，Azure最贵。
In Serverless, OS Scheduler Choice Costs Money: A Hybrid Scheduling Approach for Cheaper FaaS
针对 Linux 默认 CFS 调度器导致 serverless 高并发工作负载成本增加高达 10 倍的问题，提出一种混合两级调度方法，短时函数以无抢占 FIFO 执行，长时函数交由 CFS，显著降低用户成本且无提供商开销。
FMI: Fast and Cheap Message Passing for Serverless Functions
针对无服务器函数通信慢且昂贵的问题，提出FMI框架，以MPI为模型支持点对点和集合通信，实现高性能低成本，实验显示速度提升162倍、成本降低397倍。
Caching Aided Multi-Tenant Serverless Computing
本文提出缓存辅助的多租户无服务器计算框架 FaasCamp，通过多层暖池、跨租户安全共享和机器学习缓存替换策略缓解冷启动问题，实验证明其能以最小开销超越现有平台。
GeoFF: Federated Serverless Workflows with Data Pre-Fetching
本文提出GeoFF，一种跨平台无服务器编排中间件，通过函数预热和数据预取将冷启动及数据下载延迟移出关键路径，实验显示端到端延迟降低超50%。
Function as a Service (FaaS) has been gaining popularity as a way to deploy computations to serverless backends in the cloud. This paradigm shifts the complexity of allocating and provisioning resources to the cloud provider, which has to provide the illusion of always-available resources (i.e., fast function invocations without cold starts) at the lowest possible resource cost. Doing so requires the provider to deeply understand the characteristics of the FaaS workload. Unfortunately, there has been little to no public information on these characteristics. Thus, in this paper, we first charac…
Serverless computing is a popular cloud computing paradigm that frees developers from server management. Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) is the most popular implementation of serverless computing, representing applications as event-driven and stateless functions. However, existing studies report that functions of FaaS applications severely suffer from cold-start latency. In this paper, we propose an approach namely FaaSLight to accelerating the cold start for FaaS applications through application-level optimization. We first conduct a measurement study to investigate the possible root cause of th…
Konflux: Optimized Function Fusion for Serverless Applications
Konflux通过模拟FaaS平台实现本地实验，优化复杂无服务器应用的函数融合配置，以减少成本和延迟。
Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) has become an increasingly popular way for users to deploy their applications without the burden of managing the underlying infrastructure. However, existing FaaS platforms rely on remote storage to maintain state, limiting the set of applications that can be run efficiently. Recent caching work for FaaS platforms has tried to address this problem, but has fallen short: it disregards the widely different characteristics of FaaS applications, does not scale the cache based on data access patterns, or requires changes to applications. To address these limitations, we…
Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) has raised a growing interest in how to "tame" serverless computing to enable domain-specific use cases such as data-intensive applications and machine learning (ML), to name a few. Recently, several systems have been implemented for training ML models. Certainly, these research articles are significant steps in the correct direction. However, they do not completely answer the nagging question of when serverless ML training can be more cost-effective compared to traditional "serverful" computing. To help in this endeavor, we propose MLLess, a FaaS-based ML training…
Melding the Serverless Control Plane with the Conventional Cluster Manager for Speed and Resource Efficiency
PulseNet通过双轨控制平面结合传统集群管理器与专用实例，提升无服务器架构的性能和资源效率。
Are Unikernels Ready for Serverless on the Edge?
研究探讨unikernel用于边缘无服务器计算的适用性，对比其与Docker、microVM等沙箱的性能，发现unikernel冷启动性能优但稳定性不足，是Linux兼容FaaS隔离研究的有前景候选。
Since the appearance of Amazon Lambda in 2014, all major cloud providers have embraced the Function as a Service (FaaS) model, because of its enormous potential for a wide variety of applications. As expected (and also desired), the competition is fierce in the serverless world, and includes aspects such as the run-time support for the orchestration of serverless functions. In this regard, the three major production services are currently Amazon Step Functions (December 2016), Azure Durable Functions (June 2017), and IBM Composer (October 2017), still young and experimental projects with a lon…
Prediction-driven resource provisioning for serverless container runtimes
针对 FaaS 中动态请求、SLO 约束与容器供给成本问题，本文提出 SLOPE 预测框架，结合神经网络与图编辑距离估计所需实例，平均降低运营成本 66.25%。
Serverless computing paradigm has become more ingrained into the industry, as it offers a cheap alternative for application development and deployment. This new paradigm has also created new kinds of problems for the developer, who needs to tune memory configurations for balancing cost and performance. Many researchers have addressed the issue of minimizing cost and meeting Service Level Objective (SLO) requirements for a single FaaS function, but there has been a gap for solving the same problem for an application consisting of many FaaS functions, creating complex application workflows. In t…
Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms and "serverless" cloud computing are becoming increasingly popular. Current FaaS offerings are targeted at stateless functions that do minimal I/O and communication. We argue that the benefits of serverless computing can be extended to a broader range of applications and algorithms. We present the design and implementation of Cloudburst, a stateful FaaS platform that provides familiar Python programming with low-latency mutable state and communication, while maintaining the autoscaling benefits of serverless computing. Cloudburst accomplishes this by leve…
FaaS (Function as a Service) allows developers to upload and execute code in the cloud without managing servers. FaaS offerings from leading public cloud providers are based on system microVM or application container technologies such as Firecracker or Docker. In this paper, we demonstrate that lightweight high-level runtimes, such as WebAssembly, could offer performance and scaling advantages over existing solutions, and could enable finely-grained pay-as-you-use business models. We compared widely used performance benchmarks between Docker native and WebAssembly implementations of the same a…
Serverless computing has grown in popularity in recent years, with an increasing number of applications being built on Functions-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms. By default, FaaS platforms support retry-based fault tolerance, but this is insufficient for programs that modify shared state, as they can unwittingly persist partial sets of updates in case of failures. To address this challenge, we would like atomic visibility of the updates made by a FaaS application. In this paper, we present AFT, an atomic fault tolerance shim for serverless applications. AFT interposes between a commodity FaaS pl…
Rapid adoption of the serverless (or Function-as-a-Service, FaaS) paradigm, pioneered by Amazon with AWS Lambda and followed by numerous commercial offerings and open source projects, introduces new challenges in designing the cloud infrastructure, balancing between performance and cost. While instant per-request elasticity that FaaS platforms typically offer application developers makes it possible to achieve high performance of bursty workloads without over-provisioning, such elasticity often involves extra latency associated with on-demand provisioning of individual runtime containers that …
Fusionize++: Improving Serverless Application Performance Using Dynamic Task Inlining and Infrastructure Optimization
本文提出Fusionize框架，通过自动融合细粒度无服务器代码为优化多函数组合并动态配置基础设施，在真实物联网应用中降低超35%的请求延迟与成本。
Serverless computing with cloud functions is quickly gaining adoption, but constrains programmers with its limited support for state management. We introduce a shared file system for cloud functions. It offers familiar POSIX semantics while taking advantage of distinctive aspects of cloud functions to achieve scalability and performance beyond what traditional shared file systems can offer. We take advantage of the function-grained fault tolerance model of cloud functions to proceed optimistically using local state, safe in the knowledge that we can restart if cache reads or lock activity cann…
FaaSMoE: A Serverless Framework for Multi-Tenant Mixture-of-Experts Serving
本文提出FaaSMoE框架，通过将专家模型作为无状态FaaS函数部署，实现多租户环境下高效且资源节约的混合专家服务。
The appeal of serverless (FaaS) has triggered a growing interest on how to use it in data-intensive applications such as ETL, query processing, or machine learning (ML). Several systems exist for training large-scale ML models on top of serverless infrastructures (e.g., AWS Lambda) but with inconclusive results in terms of their performance and relative advantage over "serverful" infrastructures (IaaS). In this paper we present a systematic, comparative study of distributed ML training over FaaS and IaaS. We present a design space covering design choices such as optimization algorithms and syn…
gFaaS: Enabling Generic Functions in Serverless Computing
针对FaaS平台锁定、部署参数和接口差异问题，本文提出gFaaS框架，支持多语言通用函数跨平台无修改部署，并验证其性能接近原生函数。
Affinity-aware Serverless Function Scheduling
本文提出aAPP语言扩展，在FaaS层面实现亲和性感知调度，并在Apache OpenWhisk上验证其能提升性能且无额外开销。
In Function as a Service (FaaS), a serverless computing variant, customers deploy functions instead of complete virtual machines or Linux containers. It is the cloud provider who maintains the runtime environment for these functions. FaaS products are offered by all major cloud providers (e.g. Amazon Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, Azure Functions); as well as standalone open-source software (e.g. Apache OpenWhisk) with their commercial variants (e.g. Adobe I/O Runtime or IBM Cloud Functions). We take the bottom-up perspective of a single node in a FaaS cluster. We assume that all the executio…
Scaling a Variant Calling Genomics Pipeline with FaaS
针对 HPC 容量受限及云端使用复杂的问题，本文将 Variant Calling 基因组学流水线从单节点 HPC 迁移至 FaaS 无服务器架构，总结迁移挑战与扩展工程，并开源该可扩展、易用工具。
Serverless computing has rapidly grown following the launch of Amazon's Lambda platform. Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) a key enabler of serverless computing allows an application to be decomposed into simple, standalone functions that are executed on a FaaS platform. The FaaS platform is responsible for deploying and facilitating resources to the functions. Several of today's cloud applications spread over heterogeneous connected computing resources and are highly dynamic in their structure and resource requirements. However, FaaS platforms are limited to homogeneous clusters and homogeneous fu…
ProFaaStinate: Delaying Serverless Function Calls to Optimize Platform Performance
ProFaaStinate通过延迟异步函数调用优化无服务器平台性能，降低54%平均响应延迟并防止过载，无需深度集成或复杂模型。
An approach to provide serverless scientific pipelines within the context of SKA
本文面向 SKA 区域中心网络的分布式数据处理需求，验证并部署 FaaS 平台，集成 CASA 微函数与 wsclean 原生应用，提出可扩展的函数目录及工作流/API 集成方案。
Dirigent: Lightweight Serverless Orchestration
针对现有FaaS集群调度延迟高的问题，提出全新编排架构Dirigent，通过简化状态管理、消除关键路径持久化更新、采用单体平面，大幅降低调度延迟并提升沙箱启动吞吐量。
Imaginary Machines: A Serverless Model for Cloud Applications
本文提出 Imaginary Machines 模型，将无服务器平台的高弹性资源以传统主机网络模型暴露给未修改的云应用，并通过执行信号透明管理资源，从而消除显式运行时编排，提升资源利用率并降低管理成本。
KUBEDIRECT: Unleashing the Full Power of the Cluster Manager for Serverless Computing
KUBEDIRECT通过直接消息传递提升FaaS集群管理效率，兼容Kubernetes并减少服务延迟。
Energy Efficient Scheduling for Serverless Systems
针对无服务器FaaS系统应用执行能耗未被充分研究的问题，提出结合实时与历史数据、采用新型DVFS技术的节能调度器，在满足性能需求的同时降低能耗，并经本地集群真实负载实验验证有效。
Tremulant: Latency in Serverless Platforms beyond the 99th Percentile
研究发现无服务器平台的慢暖启动长尾性能比其中值慢数百倍，且最高百分位下慢调用的暖启动占比回升，仅优化冷启动无法消除极端延迟。
Developing accurate and extendable performance models for serverless platforms, aka Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms, is a very challenging task. Also, implementation and experimentation on real serverless platforms is both costly and time-consuming. However, at the moment, there is no comprehensive simulation tool or framework to be used instead of the real platform. As a result, in this paper, we fill this gap by proposing a simulation platform, called SimFaaS, which assists serverless application developers to develop optimized Function-as-a-Service applications in terms of cost and p…
The Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) paradigm has a lot of potential as a computing model for fog environments comprising both cloud and edge nodes, as compute requests can be scheduled across the entire fog continuum in a fine-grained manner. When the request rate exceeds capacity limits at the resource-constrained edge, some functions need to be offloaded towards the cloud. In this paper, we present an auction-inspired approach in which application developers bid on resources while fog nodes decide locally which functions to execute and which to offload in order to maximize revenue. Unlike many …
The increased use of micro-services to build web applications has spurred the rapid growth of Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) or serverless computing platforms. While FaaS simplifies provisioning and scaling for application developers, it introduces new challenges in resource management that need to be handled by the cloud provider. Our analysis of popular serverless workloads indicates that schedulers need to handle functions that are very short-lived, have unpredictable arrival patterns, and require expensive setup of sandboxes. The challenge of running a large number of such functions in a mul…
Epico: Long-Lived WebAssembly Components for High-Performance Serverless Stream Processing
针对FaaS不适合流处理的问题，提出Epico无服务器运行时，以WebAssembly组件实现管道执行，优化通信与冷启动延迟，性能优于Apache OpenWhisk。
Bringing Computation to the data: Interoperable serverless function execution for astrophysical data analysis in the SRCNet
本文提出利用FaaS技术在SRCNet中实现天体数据处理，通过部署微函数提升计算效率，减少延迟和传输开销。
Serverless computing is a cloud computing paradigm that allows developers to focus exclusively on business logic as cloud service providers manage resource management tasks. Serverless applications follow this model, where the application is decomposed into a set of fine-grained Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) functions. However, the obscurities of the underlying system infrastructure and dependencies between FaaS functions within the application pose a challenge for estimating the performance of FaaS functions. To characterize the performance of a FaaS function that is relevant for the user, we …
Multi-stage serverless applications, i.e., workflows with many computation and I/O stages, are becoming increasingly representative of FaaS platforms. Despite their advantages in terms of fine-grained scalability and modular development, these applications are subject to suboptimal performance, resource inefficiency, and high costs to a larger degree than previous simple serverless functions. We present Aquatope, a QoS-and-uncertainty-aware resource scheduler for end-to-end serverless workflows that takes into account the inherent uncertainty present in FaaS platforms, and improves performance…
The serverless computing ecosystem is growing due to interest by software engineers. Beside Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) and Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS) systems, developer-oriented tools such as deployment and debugging frameworks as well as cloud function repositories enable the rapid creation of wholly or partially serverless applications. This study presents first insights into how cloud functions (Lambda functions) and composite serverless applications offered through the AWS Serverless Application Repository have evolved over the course of one year. Specifically, it outlines information o…
Multi-Event Triggers for Serverless Computing
针对当前FaaS平台单事件触发导致额外状态管理、高延迟与高成本问题，提出多事件触发器机制，支持基于事件集合与多类型事件连接调用函数，在事件检测用例中使延迟降低62.5%，且每秒可处理超30万请求。
$λ$FS: A Scalable and Elastic Distributed File System Metadata Service using Serverless Functions
本文提出$λ$FS，一种基于FaaS平台的弹性可扩展分布式文件系统元数据服务，通过弹性扩展元数据缓存和系列技术，实现更高吞吐、更低延迟和成本，显著提升性能成本比。
Transformer-Based Model for Cold Start Mitigation in FaaS Architecture
针对FaaS架构冷启动导致延迟增加的问题，提出基于Transformer的模型，通过准确建模函数初始化延迟优化系统性能，在Azure公开数据集上实验显示冷启动时间较传统方法最高减少79%。
MQFQ-Sticky: Fair Queueing For Serverless GPU Functions
本文提出MQFQ-Sticky，一种集成的公平排队与GPU内存管理方法，通过借鉴I/O调度原则在黑盒模式下为无服务器FaaS应用提供GPU加速，将函数延迟降低2至20倍。
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