随机有序：天体物理学中的自组织过程
Order out of Randomness : Self-Organization Processes in Astrophysics
摘要：
自组织是由内部驱动器和正反馈机制控制的耗散非线性过程的一种属性，与随机过程相比，它会产生规则的几何和/或时间模式并降低熵。在这里，我们第一次调查了行星物理学，太阳物理学，恒星物理学，银河系物理学和宇宙学中的16个自组织过程。自组织系统在从最初的无序系统到有序的稳定系统的演化过程中，通过准周期极限环动力学、谐波机械共振或旋磁共振，产生自发的{ \sl order out of chaos}。内部驱动因素可以是重力、旋转、热压力或非热粒子的加速度，而正反馈机制通常是不稳定性，如磁旋转不稳定性、瑞利-贝纳德对流不稳定性、湍流、涡旋吸引、磁重联、等离子体凝聚或损失锥不稳定性。天体物理学自组织过程的物理模型涉及流体动力学、MHD和N体Lotka-Volterra方程系统。
英文摘要：
Self-organization is a property of dissipative nonlinear processes that are governed by an internal driver and a positive feedback mechanism, which creates regular geometric and/or temporal patterns and decreases the entropy, in contrast to random processes. Here we investigate for the first time a comprehensive number of 16 self-organization processes that operate in planetary physics, solar physics, stellar physics, galactic physics, and cosmology. Self-organizing systems create spontaneous {\sl order out of chaos}, during the evolution from an initially disordered system to an ordered stationary system, via quasi-periodic limit-cycle dynamics, harmonic mechanical resonances, or gyromagnetic resonances. The internal driver can be gravity, rotation, thermal pressure, or acceleration of nonthermal particles, while the positive feedback mechanism is often an instability, such as the magneto-rotational instability, the Rayleigh-Bénard convection instability, turbulence, vortex attraction, magnetic reconnection, plasma condensation, or loss-cone instability. Physical models of astrophysical self-organization processes involve hydrodynamic, MHD, and N-body formulations of Lotka-Volterra equation systems.
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