沙尘暴压力时间序列调查中结构与恢复统计的关系框架
A Framework for Relating the Structures and Recovery Statistics in Pressure Time-Series Surveys for Dust Devils
摘要：
尘暴可能是火星大气中尘埃的主要来源，但尘埃抬升的数量和频率取决于尘暴参数的统计分布。沙尘暴表现出压力扰动，如果它们经过气压传感器附近，它们可能会记录为压力时间序列中可辨别的下降。利用这一事实，在着陆的航天器上使用气压传感器进行的几次调查揭示了沙尘暴的结构和发生率。然而，无论它们多么强大，这样的调查都会受到非平凡的偏见的影响，这些偏见会扭曲推断出的尘暴属性。例如，这种测量对具有最宽和最深压力剖面的尘暴最敏感，但恢复的剖面将比实际剖面失真、更宽和更浅。此外，这样的调查通常不提供与压力时间序列一起的风速测量，因此时间序列中的尘暴信号的持续时间不能直接转换为轮廓宽度。幸运的是，简单的统计和几何考虑可以消除这些调查的偏差，允许将尘暴信号的持续时间转换为物理宽度，仅给出可能的平移速度的分布，并恢复物理参数的基本分布。在这项研究中，我们开发了一个计划，去偏置这样的调查。将我们的模型应用到使用凤凰号着陆器数据的现场调查中，表明尘埃通量更大，尘暴发生率比以前推断的大10倍。将我们的研究结果与沙尘暴跟踪调查进行比较，表明只有大约五分之一的低压细胞能够举起足够的灰尘留下可见的轨迹。
英文摘要：
Dust devils are likely the dominant source of dust for the martian atmosphere, but the amount and frequency of dust-lifting depend on the statistical distribution of dust devil parameters. Dust devils exhibit pressure perturbations and, if they pass near a barometric sensor, they may register as a discernible dip in a pressure time-series. Leveraging this fact, several surveys using barometric sensors on landed spacecraft have revealed dust devil structures and occurrence rates. However powerful they are, though, such surveys suffer from non-trivial biases that skew the inferred dust devil properties. For example, such surveys are most sensitive to dust devils with the widest and deepest pressure profiles, but the recovered profiles will be distorted, broader and shallow than the actual profiles. In addition, such surveys often do not provide wind speed measurements alongside the pressure time series, and so the durations of the dust devil signals in the time series cannot be directly converted to profile widths. Fortunately, simple statistical and geometric considerations can de-bias these surveys, allowing conversion of the duration of dust devil signals into physical widths, given only a distribution of likely translation velocities, and the recovery of the underlying distributions of physical parameters. In this study, we develop a scheme for de-biasing such surveys. Applying our model to an in-situ survey using data from the Phoenix lander suggests a larger dust flux and a dust devil occurrence rate about ten times larger than previously inferred. Comparing our results to dust devil track surveys suggests only about one in five low-pressure cells lifts sufficient dust to leave a visible track.
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