模拟标签上散列：在Gen2 RFID系统中选择性读取散列基元
Analog On-Tag Hashing: Towards Selective Reading as Hash Primitives in Gen2 RFID Systems
摘要：
由于当前系统的性能差距，数十亿个商用现成（COTS）RFID标签的部署引起了研究界的广泛关注。特别是，散列使能协议（HEP）是过去十年中研究最透彻的主题之一。HEP被设计用于广泛的显著应用（例如，缺失检测）而不需要收集所有标签。HEP假设每个标签包含散列函数，使得标签可以选择随机但可预测的时隙来回复表示其存在的一位存在信号。然而，哈希函数在现实中从未在COTS标签中实现，这使得HEP成为10年来不可触及的海市蜃楼。这项工作设计并实现了一组模拟标签上的哈希原语（称为Tash）的COTS Gen2兼容的RFID系统，这将以前的HEP从理论走向实践。特别地，我们设计了三种类型的散列原语，即tash函数，tash表函数和tash操作符。所有这些散列原语都是通过选择性读取来实现的，这是Gen2协议中规定的基本和强制性功能，无需任何硬件修改和制造。我们进一步在两个典型的HEP应用中应用我们的散列原语（即，基数估计和缺失检测），以显示Tash的可行性和有效性。我们的原型由一个ImpinJ阅读器和3000个Alien标签组成，结果表明新设计降低了60%的空中通信开销。此外，塔什操作员还可以引入29.7%的开销下降。
英文摘要：
Deployment of billions of Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) RFID tags has drawn much of the attention of the research community because of the performance gaps of current systems. In particular, hash-enabled protocol (HEP) is one of the most thoroughly studied topics in the past decade. HEPs are designed for a wide spectrum of notable applications (e.g., missing detection) without need to collect all tags. HEPs assume that each tag contains a hash function, such that a tag can select a random but predicable time slot to reply with a one-bit presence signal that shows its existence. However, the hash function has never been implemented in COTS tags in reality, which makes HEPs a 10-year untouchable mirage. This work designs and implements a group of analog on-tag hash primitives (called Tash) for COTS Gen2-compatible RFID systems, which moves prior HEPs forward from theory to practice. In particular, we design three types of hash primitives, namely, tash function, tash table function and tash operator. All of these hash primitives are implemented through selective reading, which is a fundamental and mandatory functionality specified in Gen2 protocol, without any hardware modification and fabrication. We further apply our hash primitives in two typical HEP applications (i.e., cardinality estimation and missing detection) to show the feasibility and effectiveness of Tash. Results from our prototype, which is composed of one ImpinJ reader and 3, 000 Alien tags, demonstrate that the new design lowers 60% of the communication overhead in the air. The tash operator can additionally introduce an overhead drop of 29.7%.
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