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arXiv 1707.04797cond-mat.soft
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透视:水中的表面冻结:实验和模拟的联系

Perspective: Surface Freezing in Water: A Nexus of Experiments and Simulations

Amir Haji Akbari, Pablo G. Debenedetti

摘要:

表面冻结是一种在汽液界面处结晶增强的现象。在某些体系中,例如$n$ -烷烃,这种增强是显著的,并且导致在自由界面处形成结晶层,甚至在略高于平衡整体冻结温度的温度下。然而,存在其中增强是纯动力学的系统,并且仅涉及在界面处或界面附近的更快成核。第一,热力学,表面冻结的类型是更容易在实验中确认,只需要在界面处的结晶秩序的存在的验证。第二种是表面冻结的动力学类型,要用实验证明要困难得多。一种被怀疑经历第二种表面冻结的物质是液态水。尽管有强有力的迹象表明,液态水的冻结是动力学增强在汽液界面,调查结果是远远没有定论,这个话题仍然存在争议。从这个角度来看,我们提出了一个简单的热力学框架,概念上理解和区分这两种类型的表面冻结。然后,我们简要回顾了十五年的实验和计算工作,旨在阐明表面冻结难题的水。

英文摘要:

Surface freezing is a phenomenon in which crystallization is enhanced at a vapor-liquid interface. In some systems, such as $n$-alkanes, this enhancement is dramatic, and results in the formation of a crystalline layer at the free interface even at temperatures slightly above the equilibrium bulk freezing temperature. There are, however, systems in which the enhancement is purely kinetic, and only involves faster nucleation at or near the interface. The first, thermodynamic, type of surface freezing is easier to confirm in experiments, requiring only the verification of the existence of crystalline order at the interface. The second, kinetic, type of surface freezing is far more difficult to prove experimentally. One material that is suspected of undergoing the second type of surface freezing is liquid water. Despite strong indications that the freezing of liquid water is kinetically enhanced at vapor-liquid interfaces, the findings are far from conclusive, and the topic remains controversial. In this perspective, we present a simple thermodynamic framework to understand conceptually and distinguish these two types of surface freezing. We then briefly survey fifteen years of experimental and computational work aimed at elucidating the surface freezing conundrum in water.

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