Two Peculiar Fast Transients in a Strongly Lensed Host Galaxy
S. A. Rodney, I. Balestra, M. Bradac, G. Brammer, T. Broadhurst, G. B. Caminha, G. Chirivi, J. M. Diego, A. V. Filippenko, R. J. Foley, O. Graur, C. Grillo, S. … 展开作者
S. A. Rodney, I. Balestra, M. Bradac, G. Brammer, T. Broadhurst, G. B. Caminha, G. Chirivi, J. M. Diego, A. V. Filippenko, R. J. Foley, O. Graur, C. Grillo, S. Hemmati, J. Hjorth, A. Hoag, M. Jauzac, S. W. Jha, R. Kawamata, P. L. Kelly, C. McCully, B. Mobasher, A. Molino, M. Oguri, J. Richard, A. G. Riess, P. Rosati, K. B. Schmidt, J. Selsing, K. Sharon, L. -G. Strolger, S. H. Suyu, T. Treu, B. J. Weiner, L. L. R. Williams, A. Zitrin
备注：
14 pages (Main text + figures) + 40 pages (Methods, References and Supplementary Info)
A massive galaxy cluster can serve as a magnifying glass for distant stellar populations, with strong gravitational lensing exposing details in the lensed background galaxies that would otherwise be undetectable. The MACS J0416.1-2403 cluster (hereafter MACS0416) is one of the most efficient lenses in the sky, and in 2014 it was observed with high-cadence imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Here we describe two unusual transient events that appeared behind MACS0416 in a strongly lensed galaxy at redshift $z = 1.0054 \pm 0.0002$. These transients---designated HFF14Spo-NW and HFF14Spo-SE and collectively nicknamed "Spock"---were faster and fainter than any supernova (SN), but significantly more luminous than a classical nova. They reached peak luminosities of $\sim10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$ ($M_{\rm AB} < -14$ mag) in 5 rest-frame days, then faded below detectability in roughly the same time span. Models of the cluster lens suggest that these events may be spatially coincident at the source plane, but are most likely not temporally coincident. We find that HFF14Spo can be explained as a luminous blue variable (LBV), a recurrent nova (RN), or a pair of stellar microlensing events. To distinguish between these hypotheses will require a clarification of the positions of nearby critical curves, along with high-cadence monitoring of the field that could detect new transient episodes in the host galaxy.
We present a lensed quasar search based on the variability of lens systems in the HSC transient survey. Starting from 101,353 variable objects with i-band photometry in the HSC transient survey, we used a variability-based lens search method measuring the spatial extent in difference images to select potential lensed quasar candidates. We adopted conservative constraints in this variability selection and obtained 83,657 variable objects as possible lens candidates. We then ran CHITAH, a lens search algorithm based on the image configuration, on those 83,657 variable objects, and 2,130 variable…
Gravitationally lensed quasars are useful for studying astrophysics and cosmology, and enlarging the sample size of lensed quasars is important for multiple studies. In this work, we develop a lens search algorithm for four-image (quad) lensed quasars based on their time variability. In the development of the lens search algorithm, we constructed a pipeline simulating multi-epoch images of lensed quasars in cadenced surveys, accounting for quasar variabilities, quasar hosts, lens galaxies, and the PSF variation. Applying the simulation pipeline to the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) transient survey, …
Cross-referencing a watchlist of galaxy groups and clusters with transient detections from real-time streams of wide-field survey data is a promising method for discovering gravitationally lensed explosive transients including supernovae, kilonovae, gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts in the next ten years. However, currently there exists no catalogue of objects with both sufficient angular extent and depth to adequately perform such a search. In this study, we develop a cluster-finding method capable of creating an all-sky list of galaxy group- and cluster-scale objects out to $z\simeq1$…
Motivated by discovering strongly-lensed supernovae, gravitational waves, and kilonovae in the 2020s, we investigate whether to build a watch-list of clusters based on observed cluster properties (i.e. lens-plane selection) or on the detectability of strongly-lensed background galaxies (i.e. source-plane selection). First, we estimate the fraction of high-redshift transient progenitors that reside in galaxies that are themselves too faint to be detected as being strongly-lensed. We find $\sim15-50$ per cent of transient progenitors reside in $z = 1-2$ galaxies too faint to be detected in surve…
Strongly lensed explosive transients such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, fast radio bursts, and gravitational waves are very promising tools to determine the Hubble constant ($H_0$) in the near future in addition to strongly lensed quasars. In this work, we show that the transient nature of the point source provides an advantage over quasars: the lensed host galaxy can be observed before or after the transient's appearance. Therefore, the lens model can be derived from images free of contamination from bright point sources. We quantify this advantage by comparing the precision of a lens mode…
Lensed stars in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing -- a JWST prediction for the Cosmic Horseshoe
The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学）；Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC)（坎塔布里亚物理研究所（CSIC-UC））；University of Basque Country UPV/EHU（巴斯克大学）；Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯基，巴斯克科学基金会）；Donostia International Physics Center（圣塞巴斯蒂安国际物理中心）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul（南里奥格兰德联邦大学）
Retrospective Search for Strongly Lensed Supernovae in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；University of San Francisco（旧金山大学）；Gemini Observatory / NSF’s NOIRLab（吉米天文台/美国国家光学红外天文实验室）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙物理数学研究所）；University of Hawaii（夏威夷大学）
本文开发了针对强引力透镜系统的瞬变源搜索流水线，应用于 DESI Legacy 巡天数据，发现七个新的透镜超新星候选体，其中一个极可能是 Ia 型，有助于宇宙学参数约束。
Hedorah, the first yellow supergiant Kaiju star candidate at $z=3.7$ revealed by JWST behind AS1063
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC)（坎塔布里亚物理研究所）；School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学物理与天文学院）；STAR Institute（STAR研究所）；Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1（里昂第一大学）；Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan（密歇根大学天文学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学物理与天文学系）
Recent VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometer) observations determined the distances and proper motions of star-forming regions in spiral arms directly. They showed that star-forming regions and young stars have large peculiar motions, as large as 30 km/s with complex structures. Such a large peculiar motion is incompatible with the prediction of the standard theory of quasi-stationary spiral arms. We use a high-resolution, self-consistent N-body+hydrodynamical simulation to explore how the spiral arms are formed and maintained, and how star-forming regions move. We found that arms are not qu…
We present high-resolution ($\lesssim0.1$arcsec) ALMA observations of the strongly-lensed galaxy HATLASJ113526.2-01460 at redshift $z\sim3.1$ discovered in the Gama 12$^{\rm th}$ field of the Herschel-ATLAS survey. The gravitationally lensed system is remarkably peculiar in that neither the background source nor the foreground lens show a clearly detected optical/NIR emission. We perform accurate lens modeling and source morphology reconstruction in three different (sub-)mm continuum bands, and in the C[II] and CO(8-7) spectral lines. The modeling indicates a foreground lensing (likely ellipti…
We investigate the kinematic signatures induced by spiral and bar structure in a set of simulations of Milky Way-sized spiral disc galaxies. The set includes test particle simulations that follow a quasi-stationary density wave-like scenario with rigidly rotating spiral arms, and $N$-body simulations that host a bar and transient, co-rotating spiral arms. From a location similar to that of the Sun, we calculate the radial, tangential and line-of-sight peculiar velocity fields of a patch of the disc and quantify the fluctuations by computing the power spectrum from a two-dimensional Fourier tra…
We report on our first set of spectroscopic Hubble Space Telescope observations of the z~11 candidate galaxy strongly lensed by the MACSJ0647.7+7015 galaxy cluster. The three lensed images are faint and we show that these early slitless grism observations are of sufficient depth to investigate whether this high-redshift candidate, identified by its strong photometric break at ~1.5 micron, could possibly be an emission line galaxy at a much lower redshift. While such an interloper would imply the existence of a rather peculiar object, we show here that such strong emission lines would clearly h…
HOLISMOKES XVII: Detecting strongly lensed SNe Ia from time series of multi-band LSST-like imaging data
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM（艾克斯-马赛大学）；Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学）；INAF - IASF Milano（意大利国家天体物理研究所米兰天文台）
LensWatch. II. Improved Photometry and Time-delay Constraints on the Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernova 2022qmx ("SN Zwicky") with HST Template Observations
The discovery of two UV-bright galaxy candidates at $z\sim 13$, HD1 and HD2, laid the foundation for a new race to study the early Universe. Previous investigations suggested that they are either powered by a supermassive black hole or by an extreme, transient burst of star formation. Given their uncertain nature, we investigate whether these sources could be lensed by a hitherto undetected, faint foreground galaxy. We find that at the current limiting magnitude with which HD1 and HD2 were imaged, there is only a $7.39\%$ probability they are strongly lensed by spherical deflectors and that th…
Supernovae that are strongly gravitationally lensed (gLSNe) by galaxies are powerful probes of astrophysics and cosmology that will be discovered systematically by next-generation wide-field, high-cadence imaging surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Here we use pixel-level simulations that include dust, observing strategy, and multiple supernova subtypes to forecast the rates and properties of gLSNe that ZTF and LSST will find. Applying the resolution-insensitive discovery strategy of Goldstein et al. (2018), we forecast that ZTF (…
Individual highly magnified stars have been recently discovered at lookback times of more than half the age of the Universe, in lensed galaxies that straddle the critical curves of massive galaxy clusters. Having confirmed their detectability, it is now important to carry out systematic searches for them in order to establish their frequency, and in turn learn about the statistical properties of high-redshift stars and of the granularity of matter in the foreground deflector. Here we report the discovery of a highly magnified star at redshift $z = 0.94$ in a strongly lensed arc behind a Hubble…
A Natural $\gtrsim 100\times$ Telescope: Discovery of the Strongly Lensed Type II SN 2025mkn at $z=1.37$
Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；University of North Carolina（北卡罗来纳大学）；Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理研究所）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität（慕尼黑大学）；Excellence Cluster ORIGINS（ORIGINS卓越集群）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
PKS 1413+135 is one of the most peculiar blazars known. Its strange properties led to the hypothesis almost four decades ago that it is gravitationally lensed by a mass concentration associated with an intervening galaxy. It exhibits symmetric achromatic variability, a rare form of variability that has been attributed to gravitational milli-lensing. It has been classified as a BL Lac object, and is one of the rare objects in this class with a visible counterjet. BL Lac objects have jet axes aligned close to the line of sight. It has also been classified as a compact symmetric object, which hav…
