从NASA的视角看量子计算：机遇与挑战
A NASA Perspective on Quantum Computing: Opportunities and Challenges
摘要：
在过去的几十年里，世界上已经出现了几个令人惊叹的量子算法的例子，它们可以证明优于最好的经典算法。然而，对于大多数问题，目前尚不清楚量子算法是否可以提供优势，如果可以，有多少，或者如何设计实现这些优势的量子算法。许多最具挑战性的计算问题在现实世界中出现的解决今天的启发式算法，尚未被数学证明优于其他方法，但已被证明是有效的经验。虽然已经提出了量子启发式算法，但只有当量子计算硬件建成时，经验测试才成为可能。随着量子启发式算法的经验测试变得越来越可行，未来几年将是令人兴奋的。虽然大规模通用量子计算机可能还需要几十年的时间，但专用量子计算硬件已经开始出现，随着时间的推移，它们将变得越来越强大，还有一些小规模通用量子计算机。
英文摘要：
In the last couple of decades, the world has seen several stunning instances of quantum algorithms that provably outperform the best classical algorithms. For most problems, however, it is currently unknown whether quantum algorithms can provide an advantage, and if so by how much, or how to design quantum algorithms that realize such advantages. Many of the most challenging computational problems arising in the practical world are tackled today by heuristic algorithms that have not been mathematically proven to outperform other approaches but have been shown to be effective empirically. While quantum heuristic algorithms have been proposed, empirical testing becomes possible only as quantum computation hardware is built. The next few years will be exciting as empirical testing of quantum heuristic algorithms becomes more and more feasible. While large-scale universal quantum computers are likely decades away, special-purpose quantum computational hardware has begun to emerge that will become more powerful over time, as well as some small-scale universal quantum computers.
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