laser冷却纳米恒冷器：悬浮Yb $^{+3}$：YLF纳米晶体的制冷、取向和旋转
A laser cooled nanocryostat: Refrigeration, alignment and rotation of levitated Yb$^{+3}$:YLF nanocrystals
摘要：
在真空中冷却和操纵悬浮纳米粒子的能力是探索宏观量子力学\cite{WanPRL2016,Scala2013,Zhang2013}、力的精确测量、\cite{GambhirPRA2016}和非平衡热力学\cite{GieselerNatNano2014,MillenNat2014}的一个有前途的新工具。光学悬浮提供的极端隔离提供了一个低噪声、无阻尼的环境，迄今为止已被用于测量zeptonewton力\cite{GambhirPRA2016}、辐射压力散粒噪声、\cite{Jain2016}和演示质心运动\cite{LiNatPhys2011,Gieseler2012}的冷却。基态冷却以及宏观量子叠加的产生和测量现在已经触手可及，但需要控制质心和内部温度。虽然现在已经实现了将质心运动冷却到微开尔文温度，但内部温度保持在室温或远高于室温。在这里，我们展示了制冷的悬浮Yb $^{3+}$：YLF从室温到130 K使用反斯托克斯荧光冷却，同时使用光阱场对准晶体，以最大限度地冷却。
英文摘要：
The ability to cool and manipulate levitated nano-particles in vacuum is a promising new tool for exploring macroscopic quantum mechanics\cite{WanPRL2016,Scala2013,Zhang2013}, precision measurements of forces, \cite{GambhirPRA2016} and non-equilibrium thermodynamics \cite{GieselerNatNano2014,MillenNat2014}. The extreme isolation afforded by optical levitation offers a low noise, undamped environment that has to date been used to measure zeptonewton forces \cite{GambhirPRA2016}, radiation pressure shot noise,\cite{Jain2016} and to demonstrate the cooling of the centre-of-mass motion \cite{LiNatPhys2011,Gieseler2012}. Ground state cooling, and the creation and measurement of macroscopic quantum superpositions, are now within reach, but control of both the center-of-mass and internal temperature is required. While cooling the centre-of-mass motion to microKelvin temperatures has now been achieved, the internal temperature has remained at or well above room temperature. Here we demonstrate refrigeration of levitated Yb$^{3+}$:YLF from room temperature to 130 K using anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling, while simultaneously using the optical trapping field to align the crystal to maximise cooling.
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